IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1^128     |2.5 

■^  1^  mil  2.2 


1.1     fV^  H- 


1.25 

1.4 

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< 

6"     - 

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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WnSTIR.N.Y,  MSIO 

(7U)  173.4303 


CIHM/ICMH 

Mscrofiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiquas 


Tichnical  and  Bibliographic  Notoa/Notat  tachniquas  at  bibliographiquas 


Th 
to 


Tha  Institute  has  attamptad  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


r 


Couverture  endommag6e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restauria  et/ou  pellicul6e 


r~^  Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


D 


Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  inl<  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 
0 


D 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReliA  avac  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  inttrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  HIming/ 
II  se  peut  que  cartainas  pages  blanches  aJoutAes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  la  texte. 
mais,  lorsque  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  iti  filmAbs. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  la  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  AtA  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exnmplaira  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 

□   Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

r~>  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


D 


Pages  restauries  et/ou  pellicul^es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  fox6< 
Pages  d6color6es,  tacheties  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualiti  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mition  disponible 


Th 
po 
of 
fill 


Or 
be 
th( 
sic 
oti 
fin 
sic 
or 


r~^  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  fox6d/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 

r~~l  Showthrough/ 

nn  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

r~~|  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I     I  Only  edition  available/ 


Th 
sh 
TH 
wl 

Ml 
dif 
en 
be 

rig 
re( 
m* 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  cu  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  fauillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  M  film^es  A  nouveau  de  faifop  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  da  riduction  indiqu*  ci-dassous. 

10X  14X  leX  22X 


26X 


30X 


y 


12X 


IfX 


20X 


a4x 


2tX 


32X 


I 


tails 

du 
Qdifier 

une 
nage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Metropolitan  Toronto  Library 
Social  Sciences  Department 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  fllmt  fut  reproduit  grAce  k  la 
g<n6rositA  de: 

Metropolitan  Toronto  Library 
Social  Sciences  Department 


Les  imagea  suivantes  ont  6t4  reproduites  avec  le 
plua  grand  aoin.  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  netteti  de  I'exemplaire  filmi.  et  en 
conformity  avec  lea  conditiona  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covera  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illuatrated  imprea- 
sion.  or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illuatrated  imprea- 
aion,  and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illuatrated  impression. 


Les  exemplairea  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  eat  imprimte  aont  film6s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  aoit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreaaion  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  aelon  le  caa.  Toua  lea  autrea  exemplairea 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreaaion  ou  d'illuatration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  laat  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  aur  la 
derniftre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE ',  le 
symbols  y  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction   atioa.  Thoae  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framea  aa 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Lea  cartea,  planchea,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  §tre 
film^a  A  dea  taux  de  rMuction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  tfop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  aeul  clich6,  il  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  Tangle  aupArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  baa,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'imagea  nAcessaire.  Lea  diagrammea  suivants 
illustrent  la  m6thode. 


rrata 
to 


pelure, 


□ 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

. 

' 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

I 


H 3SDSS 


ORi.,V>-. 


<' 


^^      OCT     -^X 


*"ll 


,  CHAPTER  XXXIV. 

THE  GROWTH  OF  TORONTO  CHILDREN. 


By  Franz  Boas. 


INTRODUCTION. 

In  1891,  when  active  preparations  for  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  were 
being  made,  Prof.  F.  W .  Putnam,  curator  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  American 
Archaeology  and  Ethnography,  and  chief  of  the  Dopartment  of  Anthropology  of 
the  Exposition,  placed  n)e  in  charge  of  the  section  of  Physical  Anthropology. 
At  an  early  time  during  the  preparation  of  the  exhibits  we  agreed  upon  a  plan  to 
represent  as  fully  as  jjossiblo  the  growth  and  the  development  of  American  chil- 
dren. Valuable  material  was  available,  but  it  seemed  desirable  to  extend  the  inves- 
tigations over  regions  in  which  heretofore  no  observations  had  been  collected. 
I  submitted  our  plans  to  Mr.  James  Hughes,  superintendent  of  public  schools  in 
Toronto,  Ontario,  and  to  Prof.  Earl  Barnes,  of  Leland  Stanford  Junior  Univer- 
sity. Through  tlie  interesl^  taken  by  these  gentlemen  I  have  been  enabled  to 
obtain  series  of  measurements  of  the  school  children  of  Toronto  and  of  Oakland, 
Cal.  The  former  series  was  taken  under  the  supervision  of  Dr.  Alexander  F. 
Chamberlain,  the  latter  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  Earl  Barnes.  In  both  of 
these  series  the  same  plan,  excepting  details,  was  followed. 

In  the  following  pages  I  intend  to  ju'esent  some  of  the  results  of  our  investiga- 
tions upon  the  children  of  Toronto,  together  with  a  few  general  statements  which 
the  treatment  of  the  material  and  a  study  of  the  questions  involved  suggest. 

Since  in  previous  investigations  the  influence  of  sex,  of  occupation  of  parents, 
and  of  descent  had  been  studied,  it  seemed  desirable  to  investigate  the  influence 
of  other  v^HUses.  I  selected  for  this  purpose  the  influence  of  the  order  of  birth, 
i.  e.,  the  question  whether  first-born  children  have  a  development  different  from 
that  of  later -born  children. 

The  blank  on  which  the  observations  were  recorded  was  drawn  tip  so  as  to 
cover  not  only  this  point,  but  also  the  influence  of  nationality  and  occupation 
of  the  parents— facts  which  it  was  necessary  to  note  in  order  to  determine  their 
influence  on  the  ciuestiona  to  be  investigated.  Blue  blanks  were  used  for  females, 
white  blanks  for  males.     Here  is  a  copy  of  both  sides  of  the  blank: 

[Front] 

FEMALE. 

Record  nil  lineftr  mciiHuromeuts  at  nearest  oontimetor;  all  wolKlitH  at  nonrost  iiound. 

No.  (name  in  full). 

Obflorver  (numn  in  I'nll). 

Place  of  observation. 

School. 

Date  of  observation. 

Arh;  years,  months. 

place  of  bfrtli. 

Nationality  of  lathers  father. 

Nationality  of  fatlifrs  mother. 

Nationality  of  mother's  lather. 

Nationality  of  motlier's  mother. 

Ploco  of  birth  of  father. 

(City  and  State  or  country.) 
Phuw  of  birth  of  mother. 

(City  and  State  or  country.) 
Occupation  of  fatlier: 

Attimeof  .•hild'Hl)lrlh; 

At  time  of  oli^iervation. 
Residence. 

Number  ntid  ages  of  livliiK  brothers. 
Nuni)>er  and  aKes  of  livintf  sisters. 
Nnnil>er  of  deceased  l)rotlierH. 
Number  of  deceased  ulsters. 

Bom  cliild  of  motlier. 

(State  whether  first, second,  thirtl  • 

child,  etc, ) 

1541 


Eyes; 


Stature  without  shoes. 

FiuKcr-reach.  , 

Height,  sitting. 

Weight:       i)oundR. 

Hair:  Black,  brown,  red,  golden,  fair,  gray. 

( If  gray,  record  also  the  original  color,  If 
jiossible. ) 

Ulaclf,  brown. 

Hazel,  gray,  blue. 
Ability: 

The  following  mea«iurement8  to  \w  taken  by 

special  oliHfirvorH  only. 
Length  of  h(>ad. 
Breadth  of  liead. 

Breadth  of  face.  • 

Height  of  face  A. 
Boiglit  of  face  B. 
Breadth  of  hand, 


•'-'»'.»!  ^JIW. I  » 


H 


\ 


1 . 


I  ^ 

1542  EDUCATION   RWORT,  1896-97. 

[Back.] 
EXPLANATION  OF  MEASUREMENTS. 

1.  Ilri'tjht  .f/foif/ni!?.— Let  the  person  fitand  clo.io  to  tlio  wall  in  front  of  the  moasurinc  rod.  His 
liocls  niiist  1)0  closo  togothor,  touching  tho  wall,  and  ho  must  .stand  perfectly  straiRiit,  looking 
straight  ahead  without  raising  or  dropping  tho  chin,  tho  head  touching  the  wall.  Read  off  tho 
height  (if  tho  crown  of  the  head  by  means  of  the  triangle,  pressing-  one  side  against  the  rod,  tho 
other  against  the  ci'own  of  tho  head. 

a.  lli'iijht  siHinq.—Vwt  n  low,  level  seat  Cfor  instance,  a  small  wooden  box)  in  front  of  tho  meas- 
uring rod.  Let  the  person  sit  on  it  so  that  his  knees  are  about  5  inches  higher  than  the  seat, 
whic-li  i.s  accomplished  by  making  the  seat  sufticiontly  low,  or  by  using  a  footstool.  Let  tho  per- 
son .sit  far  back,  closo  to  tho  wall,  keening  his  back  erect  against  tho  wall.  Ho  must  look  straight 
ahead  without  raising  or  dropi)ing  tno  chin,  tho  head  touching  tho  wall.  Give  tho  heights  of 
tho  seat  and  of  tho  crown  of  tho  head. 

3.  /•Vii.f/ci--irf(c/i.— Lot  tho  person  touch  a  vortical  iiost  or  wall  with  tho  .second  finger  of  one 
hand,  and  stretch  along  the  measuring  roil  as  far  as  lie  can  roach.  The  rod  must  bo  hold  hori- 
zontally at  right  angles  to  tho  wall,  in  front  of  the  body,  along  tho  uk  dian  line  of  tho  arms. 
Lot  tho  person  make  the  greatest  possible  efforts  in  stretching  out  his  arms  bofoi'o  you  read  off 
tho  figures. 

4.  The  weight  is  to  be  taken  in  ordinary  indoor  costume. 

•■  The  instrument  used  was  a  rod  divided  into  210  centimeters.'  The  index  arm 
was  a  separate  piece,  consisting  of  a  wooden  angle,  the  sides  of  which  were  long 
enonsrh  to  insure  perfect  contact  with  the  measuring  rod  and  with  the  crown  of 
the  head  of  the  person  being  measured.  The  head  measurements  were  taken  by 
carefully  trained  observers;  the  others  by  the  teachers.  The  personal  data  were 
given  by  .':he  parents  of  the  cJiildren.  Owing  to  the  peculiar  social  conditions 
previiiling  in  Toronto,  certain  groups  of  the  population  are  represented  by  very 
few  individuals.  Tliis  is  true  particularly  in  regard  to  the  French  popiilation,  the 
greater  part  of  whose  children  seem  to  attend  the  parochial  schools.  There  are 
also  very  few  children  of  the  professional  classes  included  in  our  material. 

Tho  success  of  the  collection  of  measurements  is  largely  duo  to  the  assistance 
extei  ded  by  Mr.  James  Hughes,  and  to  the  lively  interest  on  the  part  of  the  teach- 
ers who  undertook  the  arduous  task  of  obtaining  the  necessary  information  from 
the  parents,  and  who  took  many  of  the  measurements.  To  all  of  them  my  thanks 
are  due.  I  have  also  to  thank  Dr.  Alexander  F.  Chamberlain  for  the  eflflcient 
management  of  the  whole  undertaking. 

THE  METHODS  OF  TREATING  STATISTICS  OF  GROWTH. 

'  Tlio  treatment  of  anthropometrical  observations,  particularly  of  growing  chil- 
dren, offers  peculiar  difficulties.  During  the  past  years  a  vast  number  of  observa- 
tions referring  to  the  growth  of  children  have  been  accumulated.  The  method  of 
treating  the  results  of  such  observations  has  largely  been  a  comparison  of  averages 
and  of  the  fre(iuency  of  occurrence  of  measurements  between  certain  limits;  for 
instance,  frequency  of  occurrence  of  statures  from  inch  to  inch  or  of  weights  from 
pound  to  pound.  It  is  generally  assumed  that  these  figures  express  immediately 
the  physiological  facts  relating  to  growth. 

In  almost  all  cases  the  observations  have  been  tal^en  onlj'  once,  and  on  a  great 
number  of  individuals,  not  repeatedly  through  a  long  number  of  years  on  the 
same  individuals.  For  this  reason  the  series,  when  arranged  according  to  years, 
will  not  bo  homogeneous.  The  younger  gi-oups  contain  many  individuals  who 
will  not  reach  the  adult  stage,  while  tho  older  classes  contain  only  low  individuals 
who  will  die  before  becoming  aditlts.  When  we  assume  the  whole  series  to  lie 
homogeneous,  wo  imply  that  the  vahie  of  the  measurimeut  under  consideration 
has  no  relation  to  the  liability  to  die  at  a  certain  age,  which  assumption  seems  to 
be  very  doubtful.  Without  considering  details,  it  would  seem  very  likely  that 
individuals  far  remote  from  the  average,  who  show  either  too  small  or  too  large 
measurements,  approach  the  limits  between  pathological  and  physiological  varia- 
tion, and  are  therefore  more  likely  to  die.  This  would  imply  a  greater  variabilitv 
of  the  measurements  of  deceased  individuals  of  a  certain  age  than  of  living  indi- 
viduals of  the  same  ago.  The  series  of  living  individuals  of  all  ages  can  be  equally 
constituted  only  when  the  measurements  of  tho  living  and  of  the  deceased  show 
the  same  values.    This  fact  has  already  been  pointed  out  by  H.  Wcstergaard." 

'J^here  are  a  few  series  of  observations  which  seem  to  make  the  identity  of  the 
series  of  measurements  of  the  living  and  of  the  deceased  individuals  of  the  same 
ago  very  improbable.  The  most  important  among  those  is  tho  peculiar  decrease  in 
the  brain  weight  in  males  after  the  twentieth  year.  This  can  hardly  bo  explained 
in  any  other  way  than  by  assuming  an  increased  death-rate  among  men  with  very 
large  brains  at  an  age  of  about  20  years. 


'  A  contlmotor  is  nearly  0.4  Inch. 
"GrundzUgo  dor  Thoorie  dor  Bta+lstik,  p.  188. 


THE  GROWTH  OP  TORONTO  CHILDREN. 


1543 


ncro 
iprlit,  looking 
Read  off  tlio 
tho  rod,  tho 

of  tho  moas- 
lan  the  seat, 
Let  tho  per- 

look  straight 
.0  heights  of 

inger  of  one 
)0  held  hori- 
:)f  the  arms, 
you  road  off 


index  arm 

were  long 
e  crown  of 
e  taken  by 

data  were 
conditions 
ed  by  very 
ilation,  the 

There  are 
rial. 

assistance 
'  the  teach- 
ation  from 
my  thanks 
le  efficient 


iwing  chil- 
)f  observa- 
njethod  of 
if  averages 
limits;  for 
ighta  from 
miediately 

on  a  great 
irs  on  the 
?  to  years, 
iuals  who 
lulividuals 
eries  to  be 
isideration 
n  seems  to 
ikely  that 
'  too  large 
ical  varia- 
^'ariability 
iving  indi- 
be  equally 
ased  show 
faard." 
tity  of  the 
f  the  same 
lecreaso  in 
cxplaiuod 
with  very 


Bowditcli  and  Roberts  have  shown  that,  on  the  average,  children  of  well-to-do 
parents  are  taller  and  heavier  than  those  of  poorer  parents.  Carlier  has  shown 
tho  same  phenomenon  by  proving  that  a  number  of  children  of  a  certain  class, 
when  brought  under  more  favorable  conditions— in  his  case  into  a  military  train- 
ing Hcliool — grow  more  rapidly  than  the  rest,  who  were  left  in  their  former  con- 
ditionfi.  The  mortality  of  children  is  greater  among  the  poorer  classes  than 
among  tlio  well-to-do  classes.  Therefore  among  the  j'oung  children  a  greater 
percLUtugo  of  the  individuals  measured  belongs  to  the  poorer  classes,  whose  cliil- 
dren  are  at  tho  same  time  shorter  of  stature  than  among  the  older  children.  This 
fact  aficcts  luidoubtedly  tho  averages  of  measurements  collected  in  our  public 
schools. 

It  does  not  seem  unlikely  that  tho  correlation  between  measurements  and  mor- 
tality is  more  strongly  omphasixed  at  certain  periods  than  at  others.  If,  for 
instance,  many  individuals  of  retarded  growth  should  dio  during  the  period  of 
adolescence,  this  might  give  the  re;d  explanation  of  the  curious  overlapping  of 
the  curves  of  growth  of  boys  and  girls,  tho  girls  between  about  tho  twelfth  and 
fourteentii  years  l)eingheavier  and  taller  than  boy  s  of  the  s:ime  age.  I  am  strength- 
ened in  this  opinion  by  tho  observation,  made  by  Dr.  G.  !M.  West,  that  the  extent  of 
this  period  and  the  amount  of  overlapping  are  the  smaller  the  more  favorable  tho 
conditions  under  which  tho  individuals  live.  It  would  bo  interesting  in  thisconnec- 
tion  to  study  tho  curves  of  growth  of  a  people  which  lias  a  very  high  death-rate 
among  young  children.' 

Social  causes  are  apt  to  introduce  other  complications  which  restrict  the  com- 
parability of  the  results.  The  poorer  classes  do  not  send  their  children  to  school 
as  long  aiid  as  ret'tilarly  as  the  well-to-do;  conseiiuently  their  proportionate  num- 
beramongtheschool  children  decreases  steadily,  and  this  changing  composition  of 
the  series  must  afi«>rt  the  results  of  tho  measurements. 

Tho  state  of  h(  aUh  of  the  children  also  affects  the  series,  particiilarly  during 
tho  first  and  last  years.  Weak  children  will  be  sent  to  school  later  than  strong 
children,  and  the  teachers  will  be  inclined  not  to  promote  them  as  rapidly  as 
strong  children,  so  that  the  oldest  school  children  will  include  an  undue  propor- 
tion, not  only  of  those  who  ai*e  dull,  but  also  of  those  who  have  been  of  weak 
health  during  a  portion  of  their  life. 

For  all  these  reasons,  investigations  bised  on  single  observations  of  children  of 
various  ages  do  not  give  us  results  which  can  be  considered  to  indicate  with  the 
highest  accuracy  attainable  the  processes  of  human  growth.  The  series  for  the 
various  yeai's  dilTer  in  composition,  an.,  tho  physiological  constants  are  therefore 
modified  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  by  a  variety  of  disturbing  factors.  In  order 
to  obtain  the  physiological  results  with  the  greatest  accuracy,  the  material  upon 
which  wo  base  our  studies  must  be  made  homogeneous.  This  can  be  accomplished 
in  two  ways.  A  very  largo  number  of  children  may  be  measured  once;  and  j-ear 
after  year  those  who  dio  and  those  who  on  account  of  social  reasons  are  removed 
from  the  field  of  observation  must  be  eliminated  from  tho  list.  When  all  have 
become  adults,  the  remaining  individuals  and  those  who  dropped  out  for  various 
reasons  must  bo  treated  separately.  But  the  best  way  would  be  to  take  measure- 
ments of  a  large  .series  of  children  at  stated  intervals,  as  in  this  manner  the  fullest 
infornuition  on  tho  manner  of  growth  will  l)e  given,  and  as  these  repeated  meas- 
urements furnish  all  the  necessary  material  for  subdividing  the  series  so  that  each 
division  will  be  homogeneous. 

These  limitations  must  bo  borno  in  mind  in  interpreting  results  of  a  single  sot 
of  observations  on  children  of  various  ages,  or,  to  use  Hertel's  term,  in  interpreting 
results  obtained  by  tho  generalizing  method. 

Besides  this,  certain  corrections  must  l)e  made  which  heretofore  have  not  received 
sufficient  attention.  The  number  of  children  of  various  ages  who  have  been  meas- 
ured is  not  equal.  All  tho  series  begin  with  comparatively  few  children.  The  num- 
ber increases  from  year  to  year  until,  beginning  with  the  tenth  or  eleventh  year,  it 
decreases  again.  Tho  change  of  numbers  is  not  equal  in  tho  two  sexes.  It  follows, 
from  this  fact,  that  among  0-year-old  children,  for  instance,  there  are  in  the 
measured  series  more  of  the  ageof  0  yearsand  1 1  months  than  of  0  years  exactly ;  and 
that,  on  the  ether  hand,  among  the  1  Ti-year-old  children  there  are  more  of  tho  age  of 
15  years  exactly  than  of  15  years  and  It  months.  In  treating  tho  various  series  of 
observations,  all  children  between  (5  and  7  years,  7  and  8  years,  etc. ,  or  all  the  children 
between  Oi  and  7^  years,  etc.,  have  been  grouped  together  and  tho  series  is  assumed 
to  represent  the  sizes  for  tho  average  ages,  i.  e.,  0.5  years,  7.5  years,  etc.,  or,  in 
the  other  case,  0,  7,  8  years.  On  account  of  tho  varying^  frequency  of  the  several 
months  this  is  not  quite  correct.    Among  the  young  children  the  average  will  be 


>I  oxpreHsed  thoso  views  first  in  Selenoo,  Vol.  XX.,  p.  a^l,  Decombor  ~:i,  1803. 


1544 


EDUCATION   REPORT,  1896-97. 


a  little  more  than  6. 5,7.5  years,  etc. ,  while  among  those  near  the  upper  limit  of  age 
it  will  be  a  little  less  than  14.5, 15.5  years,  etc.  I  have  tabulated  the  frequencies 
of  various  months  for  the  children  of  Toronto  and  obtain  the  following  results: 

BOYS. 
[Average  age  expressed  in  years  and  months.] 


Months. 

Age  In  years. 

6 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

16 

0 

9 

30 
13 

13 
36 
33 

43 
36 
33 

35 
89 
47 

22 
36 
45 

37 
67 
61 

67 
54 
62 

45 
71 
60 

45 
74 

72 

68 
87 
70 

87 
74 
81 

04 
51 
73 

42 

72 
84 

89 
93 
69 

8*: 

91 
85 

88 
66 
76 

36 
83 

75 

65 
93 
83 

78 
84 
80 

85 
66 
87 

21 
70 
76 

81 
88 
69 

85 
07 
70 

71 

08 
83 

33 

77 
78 

73 
73 
69 

82 
80 

77 

58 
46 
71 

39 
36 

72 

66 
53 
68 

64 
53 

72 

76 
69 
69 

22 
65 
47 

53 
62 
61 

41 
51 
67 

48 
62 

47 

28 
42 
85 

37 
85 
81 

89 
33 
86 

22 
26 
23 

7 

1 

19 

2 

S6 

3 

19 

4 

19 

6 

13 

6 

16 

7 

18 

8 

10 

9  

7 

10 

7 

11 

16 

Average 
age 

6  6.7 

0  0.2 

7  5.6 

8  6.7 

9  5.7 

10  6.8 

11  5.6 

13  5.8 

13  5.7 

1^6.1 

15  4.9 

GIRLS. 


Months. 

Age  in  years. 

6 

0 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

16 

16 

0 

24 

42 
44 

28 
51 
49 

81 
52 
55 

63 
51 

58 

25 
57 
53 

65 
67 
64 

72 

73 
81 

77 
69 
77 

80 
79 

77 

74 
81 
52 

80 
76 

82 

70 
63 
71 

87 
79 
70 

66 
79 
80 

00 
73 
00 

72 
73 
77 

87 
05 

78 

04 
Ot 
71 

70 
71 

83 

03 
73 

70 

88 
88 
CO 

80 
89 
03 

78 
00 
83 

78 
ft5 

85 

43 
75 
75 

72 
70 
79 

73 
01 

77 

00 
55 
75 

33 
44 
74 

03 
06 

63 

69 
63 
69 

41 

48 
53 

20 
47 
47 

38 
53 
40 

38 
28 
40 

34 
34 
25 

16 
20 
14 

19 
31 
22 

81 
26 
23 

18 

16 

8 

13 

1 

18 

2  

11 

8 

11 

4  

16 

6  

7 

6 

46 

80 
iO 

83 

m 

49 

7 

7 

0 

8 

11 

0 

2 

10 

8 

11 

8 

Average 
atra 

6  6.1 

7  0.1 

8  5.7 

0  5.7 

10  6.8 

11  5.7 

1-5.5 

13  5.5 

14  6.8 

16  5.2 

10  4.8 

Similar  deviations  from  the  assumed  average  of  period  would  be  found  in  all 
the  existing  series  if  the  material  were  arranged  according  to  mouths  instead  of 
being  grouped  for  the  whole  year.  Tho  error  resulting  from  tliis  source  may  be 
very  easily  corrected  by  adding  to  the  average  a  correction  proportional  to  the 
deviation  of  period.  The  following  consideration  will  show  this  method  to  be 
correct.  The  material  may  be  divided  into  periods  so  short  that  we  may  assume 
no  growth  worth  considering  to  take  place  from  beginning  to  end  of  each  period, 
say,  for  instance,  according  to  weeks.  Then  we  may  obtain  the  correct  average 
for  tho  whole  year  by  taking  the  average  of  each  period  and  adding  to  it  a  correc- 
tion corresponding  to  the  time  that  has  to  elapse  or  has  elapsed  between  the  mid- 
dle of  the  year  and  the  period.  Let  these  averages  for  the  periods  1 ,  a,  3  ....  be 
Op  a.^,  o,  .  .  .  .  ,  the  annual  growth  be  d,  the  distance  in  time  from  the  periods 
1.  3,  8,  ....  to  the  middle  of  the  year  be  ^„  t^,  <g,  .  .  .  .  ,  then  the  averages  cor- 
rected for  time  will  be 

a,  +  rff, 

Oj  -j-  dti 
etc. 


limit  of  age 
frequencies 
ig  resalts: 


u 

15 

28 

7 

42 

19 

85 

26 

37 

19 

35 

19 

31 

13 

89 

15 

33 

13 

36 

10 

22 

7 

26 

7 

23 

15 

1^5.1 

15  4.9 

15 

16 

15 

13 

26 

18 

14 

11 

19 

11 

31 

15 

22 

7 

31 

7 

26 

9 

23 

11 

18 

2 

15 

8 

8 

8 

15  6.2 

16  4.8 

found  in  all 
B  instead  of 
irce  may  be 
onal  to  the 
ethod  to  be 
nay  assume 
lach  period, 
ect  average 
it  a  correc- 
len  the  mid- 
3  ....  be 
the  periods 
^erages  cor- 


THE   GROWTH   OP   TORONTO   CHILDREN. 


1545 


In  combining  these,  we  must  give  each  the  weight  corresponding  to  the  number 

of  cases,  n^,  n^,  v. from  which  it  is  derived.    Let  H  be  the  total  number  of 

cases.    Then  we  nave  the  average  for  the  whole  year. 

_  w,  (g,  +  dt^)  -f-  n^  (g.,  +  <1h)  +  ■  ■  .  . 


n 
_  (n,gi  +  w-ag,  +  ....  ) +d{n^t^  +  7i^tt+  .  .  .  .  ) . 

n 

8 

As  cl^  is  the  average  of  all  the  values  of  the  period  1,  we  have  «,  =  -^,  where  s^ 
is  the  sum  of  all  the  values  of  the  period  1.     Therefore 

a  =  («i  +  -^-i  +  «»  +  .  .   .   .    )    +    d  (n^t^  +  n^t^  +....) . 

n 

The  sum  of  all  the  .s  is  evidently  equal  to  the  sum  total  of  all  the  observations 
during  the  year,  which  we  will  call  .S. 

a  =  ^-  +  d  «,<,  +  n„t^  +  .  .  .  .   . 
n  n 

The  last  (quotient  in  the  equation  is  tlie  average  of  all  the  periods,  which  is  multi- 
plied by  the  annual  increment  d.  We  have  therefore  the  average  value  for  the 
year  ec^ual  to  the  average  of  all  the  observations,  \)lus  a  correction  which  is  equal 
to  the  annual  increment  multiplied  by  the  difference  between  the  average  i)eriod 
for  all  the  observations  and  the  full  or  half  year,  as  the  case  may  be. 

While  the  average  muy  bo  corrected  in  this  manner  without  much  difficulty, 
the  variability  of  the  series  for  the  whole  year  is  affected  in  a  much  more  complex 
manner.  We  will  suppose  that  the  variability  did  not  change  much  in  the  course 
of  one  year,  which  at  certain  periods  of  life  is,  however,  not  the  case.  Since  the 
values  of  the  averaye  increase  from  month  to  month,  it  is  clear  that  the  range  of 
variation  for  the  early  i)eriods  must  begin  at  a  lower  point  than  for  the  later 
periods,  so  that  the  variation  for  the  total  year  covers  a  wider  range  than  the 
variations  at  a  given  moment  do. 

As  an  example  I  will  give  here  the  distribution  of  observations  of  8-year-old 
girls,  first  in  periods  of  three  m<inths,  then  for  the  whole  year,  with  their  averages 
and  the  means  of  the  s(iuares  of  deviations. 

J)ifitribi((iun  of  observations  of  Ihc  height  of  S-ye((r-ohl  (jirls. 


Hoii,'ht  ill  coiitiuiotora. 


ia"> 

1 

lilt)     ...       

1 

107     

1(18 

1 

100 

3 

110 

4 

Ill 

4 

na 

li;i 

0 
g 

114 

li,-) 

9 
11 

116 

13 

117 

10 

IIH 

U 

lilt 

15 

120 

17 

131 

11 

122 

13 

V£i 

6 

12t 

11 

125    

9 

12«J 

6 

137 

4 

128 

5 

129 

1 

Number  of  girls  measured,  age  8  years  and- 


Oto  3 
months. 


3  to  5    I 
months. 


6  to  8 
months. 


Otoll 
months. 


Otoll 
months. 


(o> 


0 

13  i 

15  1 
13  I 

0 

I)  I 


1 
4 
X 
1 
3 

10 
15 
10 
15 
10 


34 

•w 

13 

•£i 

10 

31 

10 

15 

13 

18  1 

M 

16 

11 

U 

5 

13 

5 

8 

6 

t» 

5 

8 

4 

Itl 

13 

15 
14 
IH 
17 
12 

16 

13 

14 

3 

3 


a2 
1 
1 
4 
9 

10 
12 
21 
10 
27 


51 
36 
64 
47 

78 

m 

61 

48 
54 

47 
38 
35 
21 
12 


a  One  of  102  cen  timers. 


EDUCATION   REPORT,  189G-97. 


1546 

Distrilnttiou  of  ohHcrvations  of  the  hcUjlit  of  S-ycav-old  (//j'/s— Continued. 


Ilci^lit  in  (•(•iitiiiiotiTs. 

Ntimbor 

of  girls  mcjiHurod, 

apre  8  years  nnil— 

0to8 
months. 

3  to  5 
months. 

6  to  8 
months. 

9  to  11 

months. 

Otoll 
months. 

130  

o 

3 
3 
3 

6 
1 
3 
3 
3 

8 
1 
5 

18 

131 

4 

132            

1 

11 

i;j3             

8 

134 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 
1 
1 

5 

135 

1 

]3(i                       '     .            

1 

8 

137 

1 

IAS 

1 

13<t 



140 

1 

1 

Wholo  number  of  cases            - 

180 
118.9 
i5.23 

207 
119.7 
±5.(iO 

2:)H 
121.3 
±5.08 

203 
122.4 
i5.4« 

834 

Avorniro  lioitrht    .                 ...   -.. 

120  (Ul 

Variability 

J.5.50 

The  average  of  the  variability  of  the  four  quarters  is  4:5.34,  while  that  for  the 
total  year  is  Jr5.r)0,  a  very  considerable  difference,  which  will  be  the  greater, 
the  more  rapid  the  growth  or  the  more  rapid  the  change  of  variability  during  the 
year. 

Previous  investigations  have  shown  that  variability  decreases  very  rapidly  ia 
the  period  of  adolescence.  During  this  time  it  is  imperative  to  divide  the  series 
according  to  intervals  shorter  than  years  in  order  to  obtain  results  that  bring  out 
the  physiological  relations  clearly. 

We  will  call  the  variability  at  any  given  period  t  of  a  certain  year  //t;  the  aver- 
age value  of  the  measurement  for  the  same  period,  Ay,  The  sum  of  the  squares 
of  all  the  deviations  for  this  period,  dividetl  by  the  number  of  observations  nt  for 
this  period,  will  then  be 

2{At-xy^    , 
nt  ^'  * 

The  variability  for  the  whole  year  is  computed  according  to  the  formula 

2(A-.vy 


n 


=/i  ' 


where  ^l  is  the  general  average,  and  n  the  total  number  of  cases.     For  this  we  can 
substitute 

1^,     (^— .r)*      1^     (^l  — ^,  +  .-1,— .r)-' 

nt 


n  nt 


AtY 


n 


,^-2nt.--^L~  +  ^^2,n{A-At) 


At—x 


At  being  the  average  of  all  tlie  valties  of  the  measurement  at  the  period  t,  them 

2(Ai—x)=0. 
and  the  last  member  of  the  sum  disappears. 
We  will  call  ^  —  .4t  =  dt. 


As  stated  above 


Therefore 


"t 


■-ft{' 


//»  =  ^^-2»t(di'^+//r). 


Wo  will  assume  that  ?it  can  be  represented  by  the  formula 

9it=  no  {C  +  at  •{■hP), 
also  ^tt'=^/to''  {l  +  a,t  +  h,t''), 

and  dt^  =  ait  +  h^t''. 


inued. 


years  and— 


11 
hs. 


Otoll 
months. 




8 

18 

1 

4 

5 

11 

.... 

S 

1 

5 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

i03 

834 

iA 

120.63 

4(i 

i5.60 

;hat  for  the 
he  greater, 
(luring  the 

rapidly  la 
e  the  series 
t  bring  out 

;;  the  aver- 
;he  squares 
tions  lit  for 


la 


this  we  can 


1 1,  thea 


, 


THE  GROWTH  OF  TORONTO  CHILDREN. 


1547 


If  we  assume  t  as  coutiuuous,  and  cany  out  the  addition  between  the  limits, 

+  0.5>O-0.r., 
thus  covering  the  whole  j'ear,  wc  find 

+  0.5 

-0.5 

fr-  =  /i,'  [C  +  ^V  (&  +  6.  C  +  aa,)  -h  sV &M  +  -iV iClh  +  ««,)  +  ,'„-  bb,. 

When  a,  b;  (T,,  ?),;  «:,  ?).•;  are  computed  from  the  values  of  the  year  under  con- 
sideration, and  the  preceding  and  following  years,  which  may  be  designated  by 
the  marks  —1,  0,   |  1,  wo  find 

C  =  l  —  -,\b, 


o' 


^1  --        o      ■.'        ' 


^^= — 3777 — ' 

a:=         -q y 


b. 


dl,+dU 


From  these  data  the  final  corrected  values  of  average  statures  and  of  their  vari- 
abilities have  been  computed  (see  also  jjp.  1555,  1556.) 

Average  atatitres  and  variabilities,^ 


Age. 


5.5 


Boys: 
Average 

Btatiiro .- 
Vnriability  (4. 40) 
Girls: 
Average 
statnro . 
Variability 


6.5 


r.5 


8.5  !    0.5 


1«>.  90  HI.  58110. 8:1  l*i.  04,120. 91 


104.88 


4.02!    4.93 


5.34     5.49 


110.08110.08  131.21il20.14 


I 


10.5 


131.78 
5.75 


11.5 


131. 


13i5.20 
0.10 


7130. 02 


12.5 


140.74 
0.0() 


143.52 


13.5 


140.no 
7.54 


14.5     15.5     10.5  !  17.5 


18.5 


152. 39 159. 72 104. 90  108. 91 171. 07 


8.49     8.781 


1(0.74) 


148. 09  ira.  50 150.  ,50  158. 03  159. 14 


It  might  seem  that  this  correction  could  be  better  made  bjr  adding  the  propor- 
tionate amount  of  growth  to  the  measurement  of  each  individual,  1.  e.,  for  those 
of  0  years  0  months,  for  instance,  the  amount  of  G  months'  growth  if  the  measure- 
ments are  to  be  reduced  to  the  period  of  0  years  6  months.  This,  however,  must 
not  be  done,  as  small  children  grow  differently  from  tall  children,  and  therefore 
the  amount  of  growth  to  bo  added  differs  for  the  various  values  of  the  measure- 
ment. That  this  is  the  case  has  been  proved  by  Dr.  Henry  G.  Beyer.''  I  collected 
some  statistics  on  this  subject  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  the  results  of  which  are  briefly 
given  here.  I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  G.  M.  West  for  many  of  the  measurements, 
while  others  were  taken  by  mysolf.  The  first  series  was  taken  in  May,  1891.  The 
second  series  was  repeated  in  May,  1893.  I  give  first  the  series  of  annual  Increases 
which  were  obtained  in  Worcester. 

•  Figures  hi  pnrenthoaos  donoto  approximate  values. 

""Tlio  Growth  of  United  tttates  Naval  Cadets"  (Proc.  U.  S.  Naval  Institute. Vol.  XXI,  No. 3, 
whole  No.  74). 


1548 


EDUCATION  REPORT,  1896-97. 
Increase  in  stature  of  boys. 


Increase 
in 
centi- 
meters. 

Number  of  boys  whose  increase  in  stature  was  observed  between  the  ages  of— 

5  and  6. 

Oand7. 

7  and  8. 

Sand 9.   »f°<i 

10  and 
11. 

Hand 
12. 

12  and 
13. 

13  and 
14. 

14  and 
15. 

15  and 
16. 

0.0-  0.4... 

1 

0. 5-  0. 9. . . 

1 

1.0-  1.4 

1 

1.5-1.9 



2 

1 

2 
1 
2 
1 
4 

1 
1 
1 
3 
2 

1 
2 
2 
1 

2.0-2.4 

1 
2 

1 

3 
2 

7 

14 
13 

13 
4 
7 
4 

1 

1 
3 
2 
8 
14 

9 
10 
3 
6 
4 

2 
4 
4 
3 
1 

1 

i' 

2 

1 
4 

6 

2' 

3 

6 

5 
4 

8 
5 

1 

2. 5-  2. 9 

2 

2 

6 

11 

14 

17 
9 

11 
6 

1 

2 

6 
14 
15 

12 
11 
12 

8 

8.0-  3.4... 

2 

1 

3.5-8.9... 
4.0-  4.4... 
4.5-4.9... 

1 

4' 

1 

.i 

15 
3 

1             2 

5           12 

13            15 

2 

6.0-  5  4 

11 

15 

11 

3 

11 
14 
5 
2 

1 

3 

5.5-5.9... 
6.0-6.4... 
6.5-6.9... 
7.0-  7.4... 

3 
2 
1 

1 

i 

2 

7.5-  7  9 

2 

1 
1 

i 

1 

8.0-  8.4... 

8.5-  8.9... 

.:::".::  .:::::: 

1 

2 

9.0-  9.4... 

1 

9. 5-  9. 9. . 

1    

4  !           3 

2  1 

1 

10.0-10.4.   . 

10.5-10.9 

1 

11.0-11.4... 

3 
1 
1 

11.5-11.9... 

i 

tJ.0-12.4... 

1 

13.5-12.9... 

1 

i;j.0-13.4... 

18.5-1:J.9... 

i 

14.0-14.4... 

14.5-14.9... 

15.0-1,5.4... 

W.  5-1.5. 9... 

16.(^-16.4... 

1 

1 

Average 
increase. 
Variability 
Cases 

6.55 

(±1.57) 
8 

5.70 

±0.68 

41 

5.37 

±0.86 

63 

4.89 

±0.96 

66 

5.10 

±1.0) 

79 

5.03 
±0.88 

4.99 

±1.28 

73 

5.91 

±1.8«S 

77 

7.88 

±2.39 

60 

6.23 

±2.91 

32 

5.64 
±3.46 

18 

the  ages  of- 


14  and 
15. 

15  and 
16. 

1 

2 
1 

2 
1 
2 
1 
4 

1 
1 

1 
3 
2 

1 
2 
2 

1 

3 

1 

i 

8 

1 
2 

8 

i 

3 

2 

i 

1 

1 

6.23 

±2.91 

32 

5.64 
±3.46 

18 

THE   GROWTH   OP   TORONTO   CHILDREN. 


Increase  in  stature  of  girla. 


1649 


Increase 

Numbei  of  girls  whose  increase  in  stature 

was  observed  between  the  ages  of— 

in 
centi- 
meters. 

5  and  6. 

6  and  7. 

7  and  8. 

8  and  0. 

9  and 
10. 

10  and 
11. 

Hand 
12. 

13  and 
13. 

13  and 
14. 

14  and 
15. 

15  and 
16. 

0  5    -  0  9 

1 
1 

1 
4 
4 

1 
2 

6 
1 

1 
2 

1 

2 

1 
1 
2 
3 

2 

—0  0       0  1 

0  0-      0  4 

1 

6 
3 

0  6-     0.9 

7 

10-     14 

1 

2 

1 

15-      10 

1 

2. 0-      2. 4 

■ . .     ... 

2 

1 

1 
1 

2 

2  5-     2  0 

1 

1 

3  0-     3  4 

1 
2 
G 
5 

12 
8 
0 

10 
6 

2 
4 

2 
4 

1 

1 
1 
1 

1 
3 
4 
3 

6 
5 

10 
7 

11 

14 

5 
3 
0 
3 

i 

2 

'd  5-      3.0 

5 

4 
5 

3 

10 

12 

8 

4 

2 

3 

3 

14 

8 
12 
8 
4 
3 

2 

3 
2 

7 

0 

6 

11 

8 
2 

3 

1 
2 

2             2 

1 

4.0-     4.4. 
4.5-      4.0. 

5.0-     5.4. 
5.5-      5.0. 
6.0-     6.4. 
6.5-     6.0. 

7.0-      7.4. 

7.5       7  0 

3 

5' 

5 
•> 

1 

2 
4 

t 

5 
10 

o 

i 

4 

1 

3 

7 
8 
8 
8 

*w 

1 

7 
4 
4 

5' 

4 

2 
2 
4 

2 

3 
1 
3 

8  0-      8  4 

8. 5-      8. 0 

2 



0  0-      0  4 

0.5-      0  0 

10.0-    10  4 



1 

2 


10  5      10  9 

11  0      11  4 

11  5-    11  9 

12. 0-    12. 4 

20.7-1 

18. 1-1 

19.6-1 

Average 
increa.se.. 
Variability. 
Cases 

5.75 

±0.88 

17 

5.90 
+  0.08 

5.70 
±1.10 

5;3 

5.50 

±0.07 

50 

5.07 

±1.23 

55 

6.17 

±1.»5 

75 

6.08 

±1.89 

84 

6.71 

±2.fl« 

71 

5.44 

±2.89 

47 

3.34 

±2.71 

36 

i5 

I  next  divided  the  series  into  two  e(iual  parts,  the  first  embracing  the  short,  the 
second  the  tall,  individuals.  The  following  amounts  of  growth  were  found  for 
these  two  groups : 

Average  aminal  increase  (d  +  J)  in  stature  of  short  and  tall  children  bettveen  the 

follouiing  years: 

BOYS. 


Class  of  children 
and  differences. 

Years. 

0  and  7. 

5.51 

5.88 

7  and  8. 

5.18 
5.55 

8  and  9. 

0  and 
10. 

10 and    Hand 
11.           13. 

12  and 
13. 

5.25 

0.50 

13  and 
U. 

14  and 
15. 

15  and 

Hi. 

Short 

4.81 
4.98 

4.77 
5.30 

4.77        4.79 
5.28        5.30 

7.28 
8.47 

7.47 
4.99 

0  ii3 

Tall 

4.41 

Difference  (3  A). 

+  0.37 

+  0.37 

+  0.17  '  +0.63 

+  0.51     +0.41 

+  1.31 

+  1.10 

-3.48 

-3.30 

aiBLS. 


Short . 
Tall... 


Difference  (2  A). 


5.75 
fi.OO 


5.40 
5.00 


+  0.31    +0.41 


5.34 
5.67 

+  0.33 


5.53 
0.41 


5.81 
6. 53 


+  0.80  ,  •+  0.71 


7.01 
6. 05 


-0.06 


7.38 

o.o:i 


-1.35 


0. 55 
4.38 


4.45 
2.33 


1550 


EDUCATION   BEPORT,  1896-97. 


That  thoro  mnst  bo  pn  interdependence  between  the  rate  of  growth  and  the 
actual  size  attained  at  a  certain  jieriod  can  be  shown  to  be  a  theoretical  necessit}% 
If  the  variability  of  a  scries  at  the  age  t  is  /i,  and  if  the  variability  of  the  annual 
increment  d  is  vi,  then,  according  to  the  theory  of  probabilities,  the  variability  at 
the  age  t  +  l  must  be  -j/^^  Zjiyu^  if  the  amount  of  anniial  growth  does  not  depend 
upon  the  size  attained  at  the  period  t.  Observations  show  that  m  is  small  as  com- 
pared to  /I.  Observations  also  show  that  /t  first  increases  quite  rapidly  from  year 
to  year,  and  that  at  the  period  jt  adolescence  it  suddenly  decreases  very  rapidly. 
It  is  clear  that  these  phenomena  do  not  agree  with  the  assumption  made.  Wo 
must  conclude,  therefore,  that  the  amount  of  annual  growth  depends  upon  the 
size  attained  at  a  certain  period. 

It  is  possible  to  give  an  approximate  value  of  this  relation.  If  the  average  of  all 
measurements  for  the  period  t  is  ^1.  that  for  the  period  t.  is  ^1  +  (/,  where  d  is  the 
average  amount  of  growth  for  the  period  /,  —  t.  We  will  consider  in  what  man- 
ner a  value  A  -\-  d  +  v  in  the  series  of  the  period  ^i  develops  1  rom  the  series  of  the 
period  t. 

We  will  suppose  that  the  relation  between  the  actual  size  of  an  individual  and 
the  average  amount  of  his  annual  growth  is  expressed  by  the  simple  relation         j 

dj.  =  d  -\-ax,  where  a  is  a  constant. 


ik 


Furthermore,  we  will  assume  that  the  variability  of  (?,,  is  the  same  for  all  vahies; 
of  x.    The  annual  growth  of  a  single  individual  of  the  size  ^1  -f  .r  will  be,  accord-  j 
ing  to  these  assumptions,  d  +  ax-j-y,  where  y  expresses  the  accidental  variation, 
of  the  annual  increment.    The  size  of  the  individual  at  the  jeeriod  ^j  will  there- 
fore be 

A  +  x  +  d  +  a.v  +  y  =  A  +  d+v. 

y  =  v  —  x  (1-f-a). 

The  probability  of  finding  the  variation  .c  is 


P  =. 


1 


MVUtt 


€       "V"    d^. 


The  probability  of  finding  y  is 


U'm3 


[I'-.rl+f']'' 


^^  =  m^^' 


^       -  '^iW 


dv 


\l+a        J 

\1  I  o/ 


The  probability  of  finding  r  and  y  combined  is 

(    ''     -.rV 

P  P..  -  T.L^  c  "  ^^^"^      d,v.  dv. 


dv. 


'     y  '     fiin2it 
r  will  be  obtained  for  all  the  values  of  .»•.    Therefore 


+  00 

—  QO 


This  value  of  this  integral  is 


1 


v« 


V'/<-' (1-f  apmV3« 


e     atmn-i-a-'+m']  ^y^ 


. 


h  and  llie 
necessity, 
he  annual 
iability  at 
lot  depend 
ill  a.s  com- 
from  year 
.•y  rapidly, 
lade.  Wo 
i  upon  the 

rage  of  all 
!re  d  is  the 
what  man- 
tries  of  the 

^'idnal  and 
latiou         I 


all  values ; 
be,  accord- 
1  vaviation 
will  there- 


)■' 


ih\ 


THE    GROWTH    OF   TORONTO    CHILDREN. 


1551 


By  ob.servation  we  find  the  variability  at  the  period  fj— that  is,  that  of  r— equals 


Therefore 


/'■ 


As  (I  must  bf  a  small  value,  the  positive  root  only  is  available,  and  we  have 

«=A/"'l~"'ii:'— 1- 
^       /'^ 

It  follows  from  this  equation  that  as  long  as  //,  is  considerably  larger  than  //,  a 
is  positive;  when  /<^  is  smaller  than  /t,  it  is  always  negative.  As  during  the  early 
years  /i  increases  with  age,  among  young  children  the  small  ones  are  in  a  period 
of  retarded  growth,  while  the  tall  ones  are  in  a  period  of  accelerated  growth, 
while  among  older  children  when  /i  begins  to  decrease  again  the  tall  ones  cease 
growing,  while  the  smaller  ones  grow  rapidly. 

The  values  given  on  page  1.")1'.J  for  the  amount  of  growth  of  short  and  tall  children 
may  be  considered  as  eiiualiag 


-30 


(l  +  a.v) 


1 


■-'VI 


It  is  therefore  possible  to  calculate  a  from  the  data  contained  in  the  table  on 
page  l.")li).  The  two  series  of  value.-i  show  a  fairly  close  agreement,  considering  the 
small  number  of  repeated  measurements. 

Values  of  a. 


For  boys  by  the  formula— 

For  girls  by  tho  formula— 

Ages. 

a-h'^-r-i 

6 

0.05 
0.03 
0.01 
0.03 

0.06 
0.00 
0.10 
0.08 
-0.03 
—0.'£i 

0.05 
0.05 

0.00 
0.07 

0.00 
0.04 
0.13 
0.09 
-0.18 
-0.17 

0.02 
0.03 
0.01 
0.03 

0.00 

0.07 

-0.11 

-0.17 

-0.17 

004 

0  06 

8 

o'oi 

0 

0  oS 

10 

0.07 

11 

—0.01 

13    

—0. 11 

l.T 

-0.18 

U 

—0.20 

15 

It  must  also  bo  borne  in  mind  that  tho  formula 


Annual  amount  of  growth  -::;  d  -f-  «•»'' 

is  a  very  rough  approximation  to  actual  conditions,  and  that,  partic-  larly  during 
tho  period  preceding  puberty,  the  dislributiou  of  annual  increase  will  differ  con- 
siderably from  this  law. 

Dr.  H.  P.  BowditcV  'n  a  paper  published  in  the  Twenty-second  Annual  Report 
of  the  State  Board  of  Health  of  Massachusetts,  assumes  that  the  growth  of  chil- 
dren is  such  that  they  always  remain  in  the  same  percentile  grade — that  is  to  say, 
if  tlie  variability  at  the  period  tis/i,  and  at  the  period  /j  is//,,  then  the  average  cliiid 

which  has  at  tho  period  t  the  measurement  A-\-.v-~A  + ^-jti  will  have  at  tho  pe- 
riod /,  the  measurement  .1,  -f- "'  /'i-  Its  growth  during  the  intervening  period  will 
therefore  be 


»» 


Vi. 


-.1- 


/i=-A,- 


■A+f'-^-Jia.'. 


1552 


EDUCATION  REPORT,  1896-97. 


4 


f 


ill 


The  assumption  is  therefore  narrower  than  the  one  made  above,  as  a,  which  we 
tried  to  determine  by  means  of  the  various  data,  is  here  given  the  arbitrary  value 

fliHJ^.    It  will  be  noticed  that  for 

a  will  assume  the  value  ^a^Z£.    The  data'given  on  pages  1546  and  1547  show  that 

M 


m  is  so  large  that  it  can  not  be  neglected.    Therefore  the  assumption  a 

can  not  be  true,  and  we  conclude  that  the  average  percentile  grade  of  growing 
individuals  is  constantly  changing. 

The  average  individual  of  the  measurement  A  +  x  at  the  period  t  will  be  at  the 
period  f, 

A-\-x-^d-\-ax^=A-\-d-\-x{\-\-a) 

X 


■A^d-\-'^Vn 


■VI' 


—A+d+x 


v-s 


M 


M,. 


(1) 


If  the  individual  remained  on  the  same  percentile  grade,  his  measurement  would 
be 

A  +  d  +  ■^//,.  (2) 

It  will  be  soen  that  the  deviation  (1)  is  smaller  than  (2).  It  follows,  therefore, 
that  the  average  of  all  growing  individuals  who  in  one  year  have  a  certain  per- 
centile grade  will  be  nearer  the  general  average  the  following  year.  This  agrees 
with  the  results  found  by  Dr.  Henr;y  G.  Beyer. ' 

These  facts  and  considerations  have  an  important  bearing  upon  the  theory  of 
the  statistics  of  growth.'-'  When  we  consider  children  of  a  certain  age,  we  find 
that  they  are  not  all  in  the  same  stage  of  development.  Some  liave  reached  a 
point  just  corresponding  to  their  age,  while  others  are  a  little  behind,  and  still 
others  a  little  in  advance,  of  their  age.  Consequently  the  values  of  their  measure- 
ments will  not  exactly  correspond  to  those  of  their  age.  We  may  assume  that 
the  difference  between  their  stage  of  development  and  that  belonging  to  their 
exact  age  is  due  to  accidental  causes,  so  that  the  number  less  developed  than  the 
average  of  a  particular  age  will  be  the  same  as  the  number  of  those  more  devel- 
oped; or  there  will  be  as  many  children  in  a  stage  of  development  corresponding 
to  that  of  tiieir  age  i)lus  a  certain  length  of  time  as  in  a  stage  corresponding  to 
that  of  their  age  minus  a  certain  length  of  time. 

The  number  of  children  who  have  a  certain  amount  of  deviation  may  be  assumed 
to  be  arranged  according  to  the  laws  of  probability,  so  that  tlie  average  of  all  the 
children  will  be  exactly  in  the  stage  of  development  belonging  to  their  age. 

Observations  have  shown  that  growth  during  childhood  is  (juite  regular,  and 
that  it  decreases  rapidly  during  the  period  of  adolescence.  At  this  period,  when 
the  rate  of  growth  is  decreasing,  those  children  whose  growth  is  retarded  will  be 
more  remote  from  the  value  belonging  to  their  agc^  than  those  whose  growth  is 
accelerated.  As  the  numbers  above  and  below  tlie  average  are  etiual,  those  >vith 
retarded  growth  will  hav(>  a  greater  influence  upon  the  average  than  tlmse  whose 
growth  is  accelerated;  therefoi'o  the  average  of  all  values  of  the  measurement  of 
all  the  children  of  a  certain  age  will  be  too  low  when  the  rate  of  gro^vth  is  decreas- 
ing and  too  high  when  it  is  increasi  rig. 

These  (considerations  may  be  expressed  in  mathematical  form  as  follows: 

In  the  adult  the  relative  freiiuoucy  of  the  variation  x  from  the  average  value  of 
the  measurement  «  will  generally  be  expressed  by  the  formula 


^+^^;^y2;r" 


■2mi 


dx, 


(1) 


whore  //,  is  the  measure  oF  the  variability  of  the  series. 


'"Tho  Growth  of  Unitod  Status  Naval  Cadets"  (Proc.  U.S.  Naval  Instituto,  Vol.  XXI,  No. 
2,  wholi)  No.  74). 

"Tho  following  theory  was  first  published  in  "Science,"  Vol.  XIX,  IHIK},  Moy  tl,  p.  iiMl;  May  2(), 
p.  SHI. 


THE    GROWTH    OF   TORONTO   CHILDREN. 


1553 


9  a,  which  we 
bitrary  value 


547  show  that 


on  a- 


)« 


le  of  growing 
will  be  at  the 


The  value  of  the  measurement  belonging  to  the  average  of  all  those  individuals 
who  will  finally  reach  the  value  .s  is,  at  any  given  period,  a  function  of  that  period, 
and  may  be  called  s,.  The  value  of  the  measurement  at  the  period  t  of  all  those 
individuals  who  will  finally  reach  the  stature  s-\-x  is  a  function  of  s,  and  x,  and 

may  be  expressed  by  f  (.s,; .»). 

The  individuals  constituting  the  adult  series  will  not  develop  (luite  regularly, 
but  some  will  be  in  advance  of  others.  We  assume  that  at  any  given  time  these 
variations  in  period  will  be  distributed  according  to  the  law  of  probabilities.  The 
relative  frequency  of  the  variation  y  from  the  period  under  consideration,  t,  will  be 


Pt+u  = 


H^V^Tt 


dy. 


(2) 


(1) 
rement  would 

(2) 

iws,  therefore, 
a  certain  per- 
.    This  agrees 

the  theory  of 
1  age,  we  find 
ave  reached  a 
xind,  and  still 
their  mt'asure- 
y  assume  that 
iging  to  their 
oped  than  the 
le  more  devel- 
corresponding 

responding  to 

ay  be  assumed 
ra^e  of  all  the 
leir  age. 
regular,  and 
period,  when 
tarded  will  be 
ose  growth  is 
al,  those  Avith 
11  those  whose 
oasuroiiient  of 
tvih  is  decreaa- 

bllows: 
orago  value  of 


,0,  Vol.  XXI,  No. 
t»,  p.  aW;  May  2(), 


The  probability,  therefore,  of  finding  an  individual  who  will  finally  have  the 
stature  .s  +  .>•,  standing  at  the  period  of  development  t-\-y,  and  whose  measure- 
ment is  therefore  /  («<  +  !/ ;  >v)  is  equal  to  P,  +  j-  .  P(  +  „:  or. 


l^/KBi  +  y  ;  a-): 


1 


2^i' 


a      2u.,!i 


'>"■'   div.dy. 


(3) 


The  individuals  who  will  finally  have  the  measurement  s  +  .r,  will  have  at  a 
period  t  -f-  v/,  the  same  measurement  that  other  individuals  who  will  finally  be 
s  +  .>•„  have  at  the  period  t  -\-  y^.  Consequently  there  will  be  an  infinitely  large 
number  of  combinations  of  x  and  y,  which  will  result  in  the  same  value  .s-  J-  v. 
This  will  be  the  case  whenever 

f  is,  +  ,,;  x)  =  s,  +  v 
y  =  <p{si  +  v;  X) . 

By  substituting  this  value  of  y  in  (3),  and  taking  the  integral  for  all  values 


Ot  .1', 


4-00 
dv 


—  CO 


a-, a       </i  {St+  i\  xy' 


dx. 


As  an  approximation,  we  may  assume 

ep  (s,  -\-  v\  x)  —  8,  +  V+  ax  -\-  hx'K     « 

The  distribution  of  probabilities  about  the  type  will  then  be  asymmetrical.  It  is 
possible  to  compute  from  these  data  the  typical  values  for  each  year,  and  at  the 
place  quoted  above  I  have  given  a  method  of  approximaticm.  The  latter  is,  how- 
ever, not  sufficient.  I  have  disx'egarded  values  of  the  order  ah  and  b'  in  arriving 
at  the  results  given.  This  is,  however,  not  sufficient.  By  including  terms  of 
higher  order  it  is  possible  to  compute  the  series  more  accurately,  but  the  calcula- 
tion is  so  exceedingly  long  and  entails  so  much  labor  that  I  have  given  it  up, 
{)articularly  as  it  must  be  verified  by  actual  observation.  It  seems  more  ecouom- 
cal  to  wait  until  a  satisl'actory  saries  of  measurements,  taken  at  annual  intervals, 
is  available. 

Dr.  H.  P.  Bowditch  '  has  called  attention  to  the  asymmetry  of  the  curves,  which 
he  expressed  by  the  difl:erence  between  the  probable  and  average  values,  llis 
observations  were  corroborated  by  the  study  of  material  collected  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  by  Dr.  W.  T.  Porter,'  who  followed  the  method  laid  down  by  Dr.  Bowditch. 
In  order  to  gain  a  better  insight  into  the  character  of  the  annual  curves  I  huve 
'•ombined  all  the  available  American  material.  Tliis  conuiutation  was  carried  out 
for  me  by  Dr.  G.  M.  West,  according  to  my  instructions.  The  com^  utations  wore 
made  under  his  immediate  supervision,  an<l  he  is  responsible  for  the  preliminary 
interpolation,  while  I  made  the  final  combination  myself. 


'  Twenty-Bocond  Annunl  Roport  of  tbo  Stuto  Board  of  Hualtli  of  Massaclmsetts,  pp.  470  fit. 
■'  TraiiHactionH  of  tho  Aoadoiiiy  of  Bcieuco  of  St.  Louis,  Vol.  VI,  No.  IS,  IbW,  pp.  1160  ff. 

ED  97 98 


1554 


EDUCATION 


RErORT,  1896-97. 


The  method  of  ijrocedure  was  the  following.  Observations  are  available  from 
the  following  six  cities:  Boston,  Milwaukee,  tit.  Louis,  Worcester,  Toronto,  Oak- 
land. These  represent  a  variety  of  conditions.  We  may  assume  that  the  varia- 
tions represented  by  various  cities  are  due  to  accidental  causes,  that  is  to  say,  that 
when  the  children  in  all  the  towns  and  cities  of  the  country  are  measured  we  expect 
to  find  the  results  to  vary  around  a  certain  average,  according  to  the  laws  of  prob- 
ability. The  type  of  the  total  population  would  embrace  statistics  of  all  the  indi- 
viduals of  various  ages.  Tliose  are  not  available,  and  we  must  consider  the  cities  in 
which  the  measurements  were  taken  as  representatives  of  the  total  population.  In 
order  to  unite  the  material  projierly  we  ought  to  know  how  large  a  portion  of  the 
population  is  represented  by  each  city.  We  can  not  obtain  any  satisfactory  infor- 
mation on  this  point,  and  the  only  practicable  way  of  imiting  the  material  seems 
to  bo  to  add  all  the  measured  individuals,  without  regard  to  the  varying  niuubers 
that  were  measured  in  each  city.  This  has  been  done.  It  was  necessary  to  reduce 
the  observations  that  were  recorded  in  inches  to  centimeters.  Similar  reductions 
were  necessary  in  the  tables  of  weights.  This  reiiuired  a  lengthy  interpolation. 
The  St.  Louis  measurements  required  an  additional  interpolation,  as  the  age  of 
the  measured  children  was  recorded  at  the  nearest  birthday,  while  all  the  otlior 
observers  cour.ted  age  from  the  last  birthday.  The  results  of  this  calculation  are 
given  on  pages  V)')')  and  1500. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  distribution  is  rather  unexpectedly  irregular.  I  pre- 
sume this  is  due  to  the  fact  that  observers  developed  a  tendency  to  round  their 
observations,  so  that  full  inches  and  the  centimeters  ending  with  0  or  5  (110,  IIT), 
120,  etc.)  were  given  undue  preference.  It  is  likely  that  if  this  fact  had  been  con- 
sidered, the  resulting  curves  would  have  been  smoother. 


il 


THE  GROWTH  OF  TORONTO  CHILDREN. 


1555 


vailable  from 
Toronto,  Oak- 
hat  the  varia- 
;  is  to  say,  that 
ared  we  expect 
B  laws  of  prob- 
of  all  the  indi- 
ler  the  cities  in 
opulation.    In 
portion  of  the 
Isfactory  infor- 
material  seems 
rying  nnmhers 
■ssary  to  reduce 
ilar  reductions 
r  interpolation. 
,  as  the  age  of 
lo  all  the  other 
calculation  are 


Frequencies  of  statures  of  American  hoys,  in  percentages. 


•cgular 


I  pre- 
to  round  their 
Oor  5  (110,  11'), 
t  had  been  con- 


Height  iu 

couti- 
moter.s. 

Ages,  in  year.'^. 

5.589 

0.4 
0.0 
1.7 
3.5 
().7 

10.7 
15. 3 
111.  9 
13. 7 
13.3 

9.1 
4.3 
3. 3 
0,9 
0.5 

0.530 

7.511  '  8.,5(U 

9.490 

10.491  11.493 

13.489 

i;i.481 

14.407 

1.5.4.54  10.445' 17.4,5:1 

18.434 

01-  03.iiit 

i 

1            i 

o;j-  iU.OH 

i 

i 

95-  ilU.'.ni 

(i.i 
0.4 
0.7 

3  3 

4,' 9 

9.0 

13.3 

1.5. 5 

15,8 

."■  "I 

97-  9S  {)9 

i 

1 

99-1 W.  99 

101-103  99 

0.2 
0.8 
3.  0 
3.3 
0.3 

11.1 

0.1 
0.1 
0.4 
0.5 
1.3 

3.5 

0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 

0.3 

1 

103-1(14  tK) 



105- KM)  9'.» 

lO'-lll.S.iK) 
109-110.99... 

111-113.99... 

'  o.'i":"'o,'i' 

0.1        0.1 

1 

[[""C""  ...... 



113  114.!«l... 
]15-llri.9!l 

13,5     13,0  '    4.0 
10.9     14,8       7,7 

0.8       0.1       0.1 

1.0  0.4  i    0.1 

4.1  0.7       0.3 
0.9       1.8       0.3 

10.3       :i.7       0.7 
13.9       (i,0       1.8 
13.  8       8.  8       ;i.  1 

i;(.9    11.1     0.0 

13.0      l-'.H       8.5 

.  .  f  .  ... 
1 

*_.. 

117-ll.s.lH) 

(),0     U.7 

11.3 
14.3 

15.0 

13,5 

10,5 

7.0 

4.8 

3.7 
1.5 

0.7 
0.4 
0.1 

0.1 

1 

119-130,99 

4.1 

13.5 

9.1 
,5.9 
3.4 
1.8 
0.7 

,..3 
0.2 

0.1 

0.3 
0.5 
0.8 
1.9 
3.5 

5.3 

7.7 

10.5 

10.8 

13.5 

11.3 
9.0 

,*'     M 
1.    1 

.5.0 
4.3 

3.7 
1.8 
1.3 
0.0 

0.5 

0.3 
0.1 

0.1 

0.1 
0.3 
0.3 
0.7 
1.0 

1.0 

3.8 
4.8 
0.1 
8.8 

10.1 

10.8 

10. 5 

9.3 

8.0 

0  3 

131-133.fti> 

0, 3       3. 3 
0.9 

0,3 

0.1 
0.1 
0.1 

1 

l;.'3-]34.9<)... 
13.">-13()  99 

0.1  \ 



137-13H  99 

0,3 
0.1 

0.3 

139-i:i0.99 

0.3 

0.4 

0.8 

131-133.99... 



9.2 
0.3 

;i.5 

2.0 
1.0 

0.4 
0.3 
0.1 
0.1 

; 

13. 7       9. 0 

13.3     13,0 

10, 5     13, 5 

7.6     11.0 

.5.0  ;  10.4 

3.1  '    8.0 
1.8       .5.3 
0.7       3.3 
0. 4       3. 1 
0.3       1.3 

0.1      or 

i:j:>  134.99  .. 

0.1 

i:r)-i:)0  9!t 

1.3  i    0.3 
3.5  1    0.0 
3.0       1.5 

1 

f;   O   t      .>  o 

5,0  ;    3.3 

8.0  1    3.8 

9.1  ,    4.2 
10.0       0.1 

S  ■>  i     7  .o 

137- 13S  il!) 

::;:;; 



0.1 
0.4 

0.4 
0.7 
0.7 

0.8 
3.3 

;j.8 
3.7 
4.9 

5.8 

'■" 

8.4 
10. 5 
10.1 
10.3 
10.5 

8,0 
4,  5 
3,0 
3,7 
1,3 

0, 5 
0.1 
0.1 

0.3 

i:J9-140.99  . 



t 
1 



141-143.  m» 

14;!  144.99 

.'.'.'.'.. 
.'.'.'.'.'. 

14.5-11(5.99... 
147-14S.i>9.   . 
149-1.50.99. . . 

151-153  !I9 

0.3 
0.3 
0.3 

0  7 

■■  o.'i 

II  A. 

\'i\  154  !H) 

1    0  .3 

5  3  i    8  8  1    7  a 

111     on 

1.55-15li.99 

0.1 
0.1 
0.1 

4.0  :    8.3 

3.1  i    0.2 
1.7      5.7 

1 
1.1  '    4.7 
0.  7  '    3.  7 
0.4  :    3.4 
0.3  '    1,5 
0.3       1.4 

0.1       0.9 

7.8 
8.3 
8.0 

8.1 
0.6 

0.0 
0.0 
4.7 

3.3 
3,0 
1.1 
O.fl 
0,4 

0,1 

1  0  1     3  2 

157-158  9!t 

1'  0  1      18 

159-100.99 

5.4        2  0 

101-103.99. 

1      i 

5.8 
8.0 

3  9 

KKMtil.'.Hl 

0  9t 

105-lt;0  99 



114'       9  3 

107-l(i3.9!t 

10  3  '     10  5 

109- 170, 09... 

10.5       10, » 

171-173.99... 

1      ! 

9.0  1     13  5 

173  174  99 

1 1 

0.5 
0,3 
0  3 

9  ;i '     9  0 

175-171)  <,K( 

1      j 

7  •>  i     «  "1 

177-17.H.!«t 

5.1 
4.3 

3.3 

5  2 

179-180.99 

1              ; 

0.1 

4  8 

181-1.-*;J,99  .. 

IV  1 

1h;j-1h4.99... 

....  ...... 

:".:::: :::::: 

0:5  ....:: 

18.5-18(1.99... 

0.5 1 

187-!,'<H.9<I. 

1 

0,1 
0,1 

0.4 

189-190.09... 

0.3 

Cases 

Av  0  r  a  K  0 
hriKht... 

Av  e  r  a  K  o 
variation 

Mean  vari- 
ation  

Corrected 
aveia  k  o 
for  half 

,,y<^iir 

Moan  vari- 
ation eor- 
rectod  ... 

Moan  vari- 
ation  at 
hull  year 

1,53.) 

10l!,41 

1.3.N) 

.1.4,81 

105. 90 

1  4.80 

1(4.40) 

3,075 
111.78 
'.3.98 
J.  4. 02 

111,58 
1.4.93 

L-4.00 

1 

5,379 
110.89 

'.5,33 

11(1, 8.3 

.>:5.;.»3 
.1.5.00 

5,03;) 
133.0(1 

i4.;« 

15.5;} 

133.04 
15.53 

.i5.;» 

1 

.5,5;ii 

1.30.  H9 
,  4. 50 
L5.00 

l-Jl.Ol 

l;5.0(l 

.  5, 48 

5, 151 
i:)1.75 

U.78 
!,5.90 

131,78 

1.5,  IK) 
1.5,74 

1, 759 
i;tO.  17 
l4.07 

i(i.;i3 

i:)0.3o 
!().;i3' 

'.0.30 

4,305 
140.08 

'  5.  a-) 
.).0.70 

140.74 

1-0.80 
i-0,03 

;),573 
145.88 
1  0.01 
'-7. 00 

140.00 
•  7.71 

1:7.64 

1 

3,518 
1,)3.  14 

j.o.as 
ls.os 

153,39 
J:  8. 00 
.1:8.40 

1,481 
1,59.48 
'7.31 
1.8.03 

159.  73 
1.8.87 
±8,01 

753 
104. 08 
10.15 
'  7. 77 

104.00 

,17.75 

±7.o;i 

439 

10;!,  ,81 

1  5. 78 
•  7.35 

liW.Ol 
i  7.3;t 
i.7.16 

230 

170.01 

'  5. 45 

0.  70 

171.07 
..0.74 

I 


1556  EDUCATION   REPORT,  1896-97. 

Frequenciss  of  statures  of  Ainorican  girls,  in  percentages. 


Height  in  centi- 

Ages, in  years. 

meters. 

5.611 

6. 545   7. 513 

8.501 

9.497 

10.49511.494'l3.490 

1 

13.479 

14.471 

15.406 

10.473 

17.466 

87-  88.09 

0.1 

89-  (HI,  99 

0.1 

0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.0 
1.5 

3.6 

91-  03.99 

0.1 
0.9 
»  •) 

4!  6 
9.4 

13.3 
17.1 
16.8 
13.9 
11,1 

6.0 
3.0 
1.9 
0.4 
0.1 

0.2 

93-  94.99  

95-  9ti.99 



97-  98.  IK)      . 

99-100.99  ... 

n  .T 

0.1 
0  1 

■ 

101-103.99  . 

0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.3 
0.1 

0.4 
1.3 

2.8 
4.7 
7.9 

11.0 
13.3 
14.3 
14.0 
11.1 

7.9 
4.7 
3.0 
1.7 
1.0 

0.3 
0.1 
0.1 

103-104. 99 

0.7  1    1.3  1    0.1 

105-106.99  .. 

10.3  '    2.5 
13.9  1    4.3 
17.1  1    8.3 

14.8  1  11  A 

0.3 
0.6 
3.0 

3.8 

6.0 

9.3 

11.8 

14.4 

14.3 

13.5 

9.9 

6.9 

4.2 

3.1 

0.9 
0.4 
0.3 
0.1 

1 

107-10'*.  99 

o.i 

0.1 

0.1 
0.3 
0.5 
1.1 
3.4 

4.3 

0.3 

9.5 

11.3 

13.3 

13  0 

11.7 

9.3 

0.7 

4.4 

3.8 
1.7 
0.7 
0.4 
0.3 

0.1 

i 

109-110.99 

--.-.- 

111-113.99 

0.1 
0.2 
0.2 
0.4 

1.3 
1.9 
3.3 

5.4 
7.9 

10.1 
11.7 
11.7 
10.4 
10.4 

8.3 
0.0 
4.3 
3  6 
3.1 

1.0 
0.4 
0.3 
0.3 
0.1 

■"o.T 

0.1 
0.1 
0.1 

0.3 
0.4 
0.7 
1.4 
2.6 

3.9 
5.6 
7.5 
9.1 
10.4 

11.4 

10.3 

9.0 

7.3 

0.3 

4.8 
3.4 
3.4 
1.6 
0.8 

0.3 
0.1 
0.1 
U.l 

— 



113-114.99 

11.3 
9.1 
6.0 

3.7 

1.3 
0.5 
0.3 
0.1 
0.1 

13.0 
1.5.4 
13.3 
13.0 

9.0 
4.5 
3.8 
1.1 
0.5 

0.3 
0.1 

115-116.99 

117-118.99 

0.1 
0.1 

0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.3 
0.4 

0.8 
1.3 
3.6 
4.4 

.5.0 

6.5 
7.8 

10.8 
9.3 

11.3 

10. 5 
8.4 
7.6 
4.9 
8.4 

3.0 
1.0 
0.4 
0.3 
0.1 

0.1 

119-130.99 

131-133.99 

13:}-134.!)9  . 

135-136.99 

^__ 

0.1 
0.1 
0.1 

0.3 
0.4 
0.6 
0.9 
1.7 

3.6 
.3.5 
5.6 
7.0 
10.2 

12.4 

13.8 

13.4 

9.3 

7.4 

5.1 
3.0 
1.9 
0.8 
0.5 

0.3 
0.3 

137-138.99 

139-130. 99 

131-133.5(9 

133- l;U.  SHI 

ia5-13H.  99 

137-i;J8.St9 

. 

0.3 
0.7 

0.7 
1.5 
2.0 

3.8 

7.8 

10.2 
13.1 
15.3 
11.8 
11.2 

8.0 
5.9 
3.5 
3.2 
0.7 

0.5 
0.2 
0.3 

139-140.  !>9 

0.3 

0.3 
0.8 
2.0 
3.6 
5.4 

8.3 
11.0 
13.9 
13.7 
13.8 

11.3 
7.3 
5.8 
2.9 
1.4 

1.3 
0.8 

"  o.'i" 

141-143.  Oil 

143-144.99 

14.5- IK).  99 

0.1 
0.3 
1.0 

147-148.99.   .                 

2.4 

149-150.99 

4.4 

151-153.99 

0.7 

153-154.99 

155- 15().  99 

8.4 
10.8 

1.57-158. 9;( 

0.1 

10.1 

159-160. 9iJ 

13,6 

101-163.99...      , 

13.8 

163-161. 99 

7.1 

16.")-lti6.99.   . 

7.1 

167-108. 99 

3.5 

109-170.09 

3.4 

171-173.09 

1.1 

173-174. 9i) 

1 

0.6 

175-176.  (N) 

0.8 

177-178.  im 

179-180. 90 

Cases 

Average  hoipht . . . 
Average  variation. 

Mean  variation 

Corrocted  average 
Mean     variation 

corrected  

Mean  variation  at 

half  year 

1,3(K1 

105. 45 
J.  3.  74 
i4.C9 
104.88 

±4.04 

3,618 
110.33 

1:3.98 

+  5.09 
110,08 

±6.07 

1-4.78 

4,913 

116.16 
+  4.«{ 
^5.3i) 
110. 08 

±6.35 

±5.01 

5.289 

131.21 

±4.45 
±5.58 
131.31 

±5.58 

±5.46 

5, 13,3 

133. 13 
+  4.51 
±5.73 
130.14 

±6.73 

±6.64 

4,837 

131.24 
+  4.91 
±0.18 
131. 37 

±0.18 

±0.00 

4,507 

liXl.  58 
±5.45 
±6.8;i 
136.02 

±0.83 

±6.03 

4,187 

14,3.46 

±.5.98 
±7.  .57 
143.  ,53 

±7.67 

J  7.41 

3, 411 

148.58 
±5.89 
f  7.  !»8 
148.09 

±7.37 

+  7.20 

3,537 

1.53. 41 
±5.18 
+  0.71 
153.60 

±0.09 

±6.57 

1,(560 

156.45 
±4.68 
16.90 
150.50 

±5.00 

±5.88 

1,171 

168.00 
±4.04 
±6.79 
168.03 

±5.70 

±6.05 

790 

159. 11 
±4.43 
±6.75 
159. 14 

±6.76 

From  the  preceding  facts  and  considerations  we  conclude  that  the  averages  and 
variabilities  of  growing  children  must  not  be  considered  more  than  indices  of  the 
typical  conditions  characteristic  of  a  certain  age.  In  order  to  determine  these 
accurately,  the  asymmetry  of  the  distributions  munt  be  taken  into  account.  This, 
however,  can  not  be  done,  e.xcept  by  the  expenditure  of  a  vast  amount  of  labor, 
until  a  sufficient  series  of  observations,  taken  according  to  the  iudividualiziug 
method,  is  available. 

(tltOWTH   AS   DETERMINED   BY   THE  TOTAL  SERIES  OF  TORONTO   CHILDREN. 

I  give  first  of  all  a  table  of  statures  grouped  in  periods  of  quarter  years.  In  this 
tabulation  all  those  Individuals  who  did  not  expressly  dtate  that  their  age  was  so 


■ 


1.466 


10.473 


17.466 


0.3 
0.7 

0.7 
1.5 
3.6 
3.8 

7.8 

10.3 
13.1 
1.5.3 
11.8 
11.3 

8.9 
5.0 
3.5 
3.3 
0.7 

0.5 
0.3 
0.3 


0.3 

0.3 
0.8 
3.0 
3.6 
5.4 


11.0 
13.9 

13.7 
13.8 

11.3 
7.3 
5.8 
3.9 
1.4 

1.3 
0.3 


l,(i56 

11156.45 

h'  i-4.08 


0.1 


0.1 
0.3 
1.0 
3.4 
4.4 

6.7 

8.4 

10.8 

16.1 

13.5 

13,8 
7.1 
7.1 
3.5 

3.4 

1.1 

0.5 
0.8 


1,171 


\\  1. 5. 0(i  ±5.79+5.75 


id  156. 50 
!9|±6.06 
PY11:5.88 


158.  aj 

±5.70 


700 


158.00159.11 


150. 14 
±5.75 


fihe  averages  and 
an  indices  of  the 
determine  these 

account.  This, 
mount  of  labor, 

individualizing 

O   CHILDREN. 

)r  years.    In  this 
their  age  was  so 


THE    GROWTH    OF   TORONTO   CHILDREN. 


1557 


and  so  many  years  and  no  months  were  omitted,  because  there  is  a  considerable  prob- 
ability that  in  many  cases  of  this  sort  the  number  of  months  was  not  recorded. 
For  this  reason  the  number  of  children  corresponding  to  the  full  years  and  no 
months  is  too  small.  It  might  have  been  better  to  group  the  material  as  follows: 
11,  0,  1  months;  3,  3,  4  months;  5,  6,  7  months;  8,  9,  10  months;  but  I  did  not  do 
so,  in  order  to  preserve  the  comparability  with  other  series  which  extend  over  the 
whole  year.  The  records  of  ages  show  that  in  order  to  obtain  accurate  results 
the  question  ought  not  to  be  simply  for  years  and  months,  but  we  should  ask  for  the 
age  at  the  last  birthday,  age  at  the  coming  birthday,  and  the  date  of  the  birthdav. 
When  we  simply  ask  for  years  and  months,  the  person  answering  the  question  will 
often  first  give  the  age  at  the  nearest  birthday,  particularly  when  the  approaching 
birthday  is  not  far  distant,  and  then  add  the  number  of  months  passed  since  the 
last  birthday,  thus  introducing  an  error  of  a  whole  year.  This  was  noticed  to 
occur  in  the  Worcester  measurements  that  were  repeated  after  the  lapse  of  a  year, 
Accuracy  can  be  attained  only  by  the  three  questions  ^iven  before. 
The  following  are  the  tables  of  statures: 

Statures  of  Toronto  boys,  groiiped  in  quarter-year  periods. 


Number  of  boys  of  the  following 

ages. 

Height  in 
centimeters. 

5  years  and— r 

6  years  and— 

~  years  and— 

Oto3 
mos. 

3  to  5 
mos. 

8  to  8 
mos. 

9  to  11 
mos. 

OtoS 
mos. 

3  to  5 
mos. 

OtoS 
mos. 

Otoll 
mos. 

0to3 
mos. 

3  to  5 
mos. 

0to8 
mos. 

Otoll 
mos. 

01 

1 
1 

93 

93   

94 

1 

05   

1 

96 

*> 

4 

1 
•> 

2 

i! 

6 
6 
8 
6 
8 
5 
3 
11 

4 

1 
1 
2 

1 

1 

....... 

97     . 

i 

3 
3 

4 
3 
6 
5 

1! 

i 

4 

5 

11 

5 

0 

9 

13 

4 

1 

3 

3 

o 

4 
3 

5 
5 

1 

8 
13 

0 
11 
10 

14 
8 
0 
3 
3 
4 
4 
1 
3 

1 

i' 

98 

2 

»> 

4 
1 

5 

3 

5 

4 

3 

1 
o 

i 

o 

99 

100 

1 

101 

1 
1 

5 
3 

i 

13 
11 

9 
9 
8 
0 
5 
3 
4 
5 
1 
1 

1 

] 

3 
5 
6 
8 
6 
5 
0 
13 

17 
19 
14 
11 
8 

13 
5 
3 
2 
3 

3 
3 
4 

3 
9 
9 
!) 
11 
13 

ir 

14 

15 
9 
10 
16 
8 
4 
5 
1 

'> 
'> 
1 

103 

...... 

103 

0 
5 
4 
5 
0 
8 

10 
0 

13 
10 
15 
17 
14 
11 
10 
9 

5 
0 
1 
1 

1 
1 

i" 

6 

I 

9 
16 
17 
15 
16 
13 
36 
14 
14 
10 

10 
5 

O 

M 

3 

1 

104 

105 

3 
3 
3 
4 

t 

0 
13 
33 
13 
18 
35 
20 
14 
10 
13 

9 
9 
10 
5 
3 
3 
3 
1 
1 

1 
3 
4 
2 

5 

8 
13 

1 

17 
13 
14 
30 
31 
31 

35 
13 

13 

( 
11 
0 
4 
3 
4 
1 

1 

1 

106 

1 

107 

108 

2 

109 

1 

110 

5 

HI 

113 

4 

8 

6 

11 

113     ... 

1 

114 

17 

115 

1 

10 

116 

11 

117 

15 

IIH 

1 

16 

119 

18 

130 

1 

13 

131 

7 

133 

1 

1 

16 

13;i 

7 

134 

7 

135 

1 

>> 

T 
1 

5 

136 

1 

137 

4 

138 

1 

7 

139 



2 

liJO 

1 

2 

131 

i;«3 

i:m 

2 

1 

134 



i;» 



136 

137 

1 

Cases 

A  V  0  r  a  ff  e 
height 

Moan  varia- 
tion  

43 
103.0 

±4.44 

83 
104.5 
±4.70 

103 
107.3 
±5.07 

131 
108.1 
±4.00 

103 
109.7 
±4.59 

155 
110.8 

±4.48 

173 
111.1 
±4.30 

183 
113.1 
±5.26 

101 
114.9 
±4.17 

335 
115.6 
±4.07 

343 
117.7 
±4.8:1 

188 
118.3 
±6.40 

k-,)'1Tl!i 


ilM 


; : 


1558  EDUCATION   REPORT,  1896-97. 

Statiwes  of  Toronto  hoys,  gro^iped  in  quarter-year  perioas—CowiinweiX. 


Num1»er  of  1 

wj-s  of  the  following 

ages. 

ni>ii,'ht  in 
coutimeters. 

8  years  and— 

9  year.' 

and— 

10  year 

s  and— 

0  to  2 
mos. 

3  to  5 
mos. 

etc  8 
mos. 

9  to  11 
mos. 

0  to  2 
mos. 

3  to  5 
mos. 

(i  to  8 
ipos. 

9  to  11 
mos. 

0  to  2 
mos. 

3  to  5 
mos. 

Cto8 
mos. 

9  to  11 
mos. 

105 

1 
1 

«> 

1 
3 
3 

3' 

4 

8 

6 
17 
14 
21 
13 
25 
10 
17 
13 
14 

13 
8 
11 
11 
4 
8 
5 
3 
2 
3 

o 

1 

1 

10») 

1 

1 

::::::.... 

107 

1 

108  .  .. 

•> 

1 

1 

109 

i 

1 
4 
3 
5 

10 
4 
13 
14 
12 
30 
20 
22 
15 
Zi 

21 
12 
11 
9 
5 
4 
2 
3 

O 

M 

3 

1 

110 

3 
3 
4 

8 
5 

IB 
15 

8 
17 
10 
19 
18 
13 

9 
12 

0 
8 
4 
3 

3 
I 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
2 

6" 

8 
9 

t 

11 
17 

15 
18 

18 
10 
21 
19 

8 
10 

5 
12 

9 

i 

4 
6 



111 

1 
1 
3 
2 

4 
0 
11 
11 
14 
16 
1» 
20 
19 
14 

10 
12 
11 

18 
10 
2 
5 
7 
0 
1 

1 
1 

i' 

1 
3 
4 

11 
5 
7 

19 
8 

12 

19 

18 
Ki 
11 
11 

7 
12 
10 

0 

t) 

5 

2 
3 

i' 

1 
1 

1 
c 

3 
5 
4 
9 
9 
9 
8 
14 

OO 

11 
20 
20 
15 
21 
13 
14 
11 
9 

3 
4 
4 
2 
1 

1 
1 

112 

1 

113 

lU 

1 

3 

115......     . 

1 

1 

1 

110 

117...  . 

5 

3 

3 

8 

13 

0 

15 

13 

9 
20 
11 
12 
13 
IG 
13 
16 
13 

0 

10 
4 
1 

4 

1 

•> 
*> 

i 

1 

1 
1 
3 
4 

o' 

7 
5 

9 
11 

8 
10 
14 

9 
13 
10 

9 

7 

10 
9 

i 
1 

4 
3 
1 
8 
3 
11 

11 
7 
17 
14 
14 
21 
17 
11 
13 
11 

13 
8 

11 
5 
4 
« 
4 
4 

i 
1 

2 

5 
3 

7 
6 

3 

8 

8 

9 

13 

16 

12 

18 

20 

9 

21) 
12 

7 
7 
10 
7 
4 
4 

O 

2 

1 

118 

119 

i 

120 

3 

131 

122 

2 
1 

123 

3 

124 .. 

125 

7 
9 

120 

6 

127 

128 

6 
11 

129 

10 

130 

18 

131 

11 

132 

16 

13;$ 

10 

134 

ia» 

1 

14 
14 

130 

13 

137 

9 

138..  . 

1... 

i 

O 

7 

139... 

1 

g 

140       

.. 

9 

141.. 

L_         i 

13 

142 

1 

1      "   1 r 

2 

143 

i--       1         i 

3 

14t 

1 

3 

145 

1 

1 

140 

1 

1 

1 

o 

1 
1 

1 

1 

147 

148 

1         1 

i 

1 

140 

1         1 

2 

150 

1         \         1 

1 

1         1       "  1 

Cases 

198 
119.7 

1:5.08 

251 
121.3 
±0.01 

200 
122.2 
t5.31 

329 
123.5 
±5.13 

194 
125.1 

±4.47 

241 
125.0 
±5.4;i 

243 

127.0 

±5.51 

238 
137.9 
±5.99 

187 
129.9 
±0,00 

;.'28 

130.2 
±5.97 

133.3 
±0.01 

223 

Average 

height 

Mean    varia- 
.    tlon 

133.9 
±0.09 

THE    GROWTH   OF   TORONTO    CHILDREN. 


1559 


tinned. 


Stahircs  of  Toronto  boys,  gvouped  in  quarter-year  per iods — Continued. 


irs  and— 

3    G  to  8  0  toll 

.     mos.  ,  mos. 

1 

I":::: 

"  1. 

3           1 

1 

1           1 

1 

1           1    . 

4    

i 

3            3 

3 

1            5 

3 

8            3 

1 

3            7 

3 

11            « 

7 

9 

7             8              6 

14            0            U 

14           13            10 

18 

11 

11           18 

16 

16 

11            0 

14 

13          20 

14 

8           13 

13 

11             7              9 

4          10 

8 

9 

4            4 

13 

3 

*> 

3 

2 

a 

1 

1            2 

1 

1 
1 

1 

3 

223 

iO.2  1  132.2 

132.9 

).!»"    iO.Ol 

:4«.09 

Number  of  boys  of  the  following  ages. 

Height  in 
centimeters. 

11  years  and  — 

13  year.s  and— 

0to3'3to5    0to8    Otoll 
mos.  1  mos.     mos.     mos. 

1            i 

13  years  and— 

0  to  3   3  to  5 
mos.  ,  mos. 

Gto8 
mos. 

9  to  11 
mos. 

0to2 
mos. 

3  to  5 
mos. 

0  to  8    9  toll 
mos.     mos 

117 

1 

118 

i 

11!) 

1 



1 

12() 

1 
1 

1 

' 

121         

»> 

■ 

' 

123         

1 

1 

i 

*> 

1 

3 

4 

ff 

5 

8 
3 
7 
(1 
11 

13 
13 

5 
14 

6 
10 
10 

i 

2 
3 
3 
2 
3 
0 
3 
7 
5 
8 

9 
13 
11 
10 
12 

0 
10 

1 

1 

12;j         

5             4 

1 

i' 

1 

1 

121 

1 

3 
4 
5 

I 
12 
10 

i 

8 
15 

10 
10 
13 
15 
10 
!) 

t 

11 
3 

O 

T 
1 

i 

12.5 

8 
3 
4 
5 
11 

5 
4 
3 
6 
9 

1 

120 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
4 
5 
7 

1 

127 

I 
1 

4 
7 
4 

1 

1 

]2H           

1 

>> 

1 

120 

5 
5 

o 

M 
1 

0 
4 

0 
5 
11 
9 
9 

i;j() 

131               .     .- 

14          19 

10  ;          12 

10  12 
17            7 
14  :       24 

11  9 
13          15 

12  n 

13  11 

14  15 
12           18 

4  12 
10            7 

5  10 
2            4 

1 
3 
» 

1 

•> 

4 
8 

7 
10 

4 

1  i          3 
1            3 
3            1 
3            2 

i;i2             .  . 

V.ii 

3 

134              .   ... 

9  I          0 

7            8 

7  18 

8  8 
15  :      14 

9  ;        13 
7  '        13 
0            8 

12  ,        13 
10            8 

10    ;                  7 

1 

0  1         8 

3 

3 
0 

o 

5 
n 

2 

la")    

3 

130 

4 

137    

3  ;          6 

4  !         3 
8  I          3 

14  j          3 

7  13 

8  10 
8            ■'> 

5 

i;is 

3 

13!) 

4 

140 

10           4 
14           3 
14          10 

10           7 

18  '          8 

7 

141 

4 

142 

7  7 

8  0 

4 

143 

u 

144 

5 

4 
3 
3 
6 
3 
1 

8 

3 
3 
8 
8 
3 
1 
3 
1 

1 

7 

14 

10 

9 

5 

13 

11 

4 

6 

0 

3 

10 
4 

11 
0 
5 
5 
9 
3 
5 

O 

3 
3 
3 

5 

1 

O 
*) 

1 

1 

5 

14r> 

7 
3 
3 
1 

2 

5 
2 

1 

11 

8 
7 
6 
4 
9 
3 

'i 
1 

3 

i 
() 

9 
3 
3 
5 
3 
3 
3 
0 
4 
1 

5 

o' 

i" 

13 

1J|              ..     . 

0 
5 
5 
3 

4 
1 

1 
1 
1 

O 

1 

5 

10 

8 

3 

i 
O 

1 
1 

] 

a 

147 

5 

148 

15 

14!» 

1 

150         ...  . 

1 

n 

151 

i 

1 

1 

2 

152 

1 
1 

1 

r, 

153              .       . 

1 

i 

:i 

154 

G 

7 
5 
3 

l.-)5     

J5I)    

1 

157 



15« 

1 

3 

159 

_ 

1 

i' 

1 

KV) 

1            1 

3 

101 



^ 

1 

102 



1 

103 

■  "   " 

1 

2 

104 

i 

.. 

1 

3 

105 

... 

1 

100 

■■ 

167 



>> 

168 

■" 

169 

1 

1 

170 

1 

Caaoa 

Average 
height 

Mean    varia- 
tion  

188 
1.35.3 
±5.00 

215 

i;m.o 

±6.00 

23'J 
130.5 
i6.28 

175 
137.1 
±0.30 

170 
138.0 
±0.03 

107 
13!).  4 

±0..53 

189 

140. 1 

±0.J3 

314 
141.0 
±0.97 

134 
143.8 

±7.38 

170 
14.5.3 
±7.31 

149 
145.5 

±8.30 

147 
147.1 

±7.54 

i 


I 


ill 


1560  EDUCATION  REPORT,  1896-97. 

Statures  of  Toronto  boys,  grouped  in  quarter-year  periods — Concluded. 


Number  of  boys  of  the  following  ages. 

HeiRbt  in  centimeters. 

14  years  and— 

15  years  and— 

0to2 
mos. 

3  to  5 
mos. 

6  to  8 
mos. 

9  toll 
mos. 

0to5 
mos. 

OtoU 
mos. 

122                              

1 

13:3         

124      

1 

1 

125          

1 

1 

lat}            

127         .                       

128                                

1 

12!)                              

130      

1 

131         

133       

1 
2 

I3:j        

v.u       .                             .    .          

1:15 

1 

3' 

1 
3 

1 
4 
1 

1 

8 
2 
8 
9 
2 

9 

6" 

6 
7 
3 
4 

2 

i' 

1 

1 
2 

1 
4 

! 

3 

0 

11 

*v 

6 
5 
4 
5 
6 
5 
2 
7 
2 
2 

5 

3 

4 

•     1 

1 
2 
2 
1 

13*i 

1 
1 
1 
1 

3 
3 

1 

137 

3 

1 
1 

1 
4 
3 
6 
5 
C 

r* 
1 

1 

5 
2 

6 
5 
8 
3 
0 

3 

1 

i;i8  

139  

1 

3 
2 
1 

140 

1 

141    

1 

143            .                                 

1 

1 
2 
3 
1 
2 
7 

5 
2 

4 
2 
3 
6 
2 
5 
1 
5 

1 

2' 

1 
2 

1 

1 

4' 

1 
3 
4 

2 
3 
3 
6 
6 
5 
3 
2 
9 
0 

7 
5 
4 
2 
2 
1 
4 
2 
2 
3 

1 

145     

2 

3 

147         .  .                  

1 

2 

140                                           

150         .                             

3 

152    

153    

4 

154 

2 

4 

150 

3 

157 

3 

15«    

2 
3 

3 
3 
3 

1 
2 
1 
1 

3 
2 

1 

4 

2 

i' 

1 
1 
2 
8 

6 

3 

4 

IBl   

2 

8 

IC'J    

1 

8 

105 

3 

8 

107 

8 

3 

100 

1 
2 

1 

1 

170 

3 

171 

173 

2 

3 

173 

1 

1 

174 

1 

1 

175 

176  

1 

1 

177 

178 

170 

180 

1 

181 

182 

183 

184 

185 

186 

187 

1 

Cases 

105 
149.4 

±7.04 

103 
150.5 
±9.20 

108 
157.4 
±8.21 

71 
1.56.9 

±7.56 

103 
15tJ.l 
±9.07 

67 

Average  height 

168.2 

Average  variation 

±8.75 

THE  GROWTH  OF  TORONTO  CHILDREN. 


1561 


Statures  of  Toronto  girls,  grouped  in  quarter-year  periods. 


15  years  and— 


Ctoli 
mos. 


4 
1  I 

3 
i 

2 
3 
3 
6 
0 
5 
3 
2 
9 
0 

7 
5 
4 
2 
2 
1 
4 
2 


1 
1 
2 
3 
1 
2 


4 
2 
4 
2 
3 
6 
2 

4 
2 
2 
1 
2 
3 
2 
2 


2 
1             3 

3 

I 

8 

2 

3 

1    

1 

1 



1 



... 

'..'.        i 

n       103 

.9      15t».l 
B6     ±9.07 

67 
158.2 
±8.75 

Nu4^->lH!r  of  girls  of  the  following 

ages. 

Height  in 

poTit  imp  tors 

5  years  and— 

j             6  years  and— 

7  years  and— 

Oto2 
mos. 

3  to  5 

mos. 

0to8 
mos. 

9tr.ll   0to2 
uios.  !  mos. 

3  to  5 
mos. 

6  to  8 
mos. 

9toll 
mos. 

0to2 
mos. 

3  to  5 
mos. 

6  to  8 
mos. 

9  to  11 
mos. 

85    

8(5 

87       

.  ..  . 

1 

88          

[ 

SO 

! 

90 

91 



92 

9;} 

1 

94 

1 

1 
1 

1 
1 
3 

4 
10 

9 
12 

5 
6 

7 

5 
3 
3 

1 
1 

1 

:.;:.:::::::: 

95 

1 

1 

9« 

6 

1 

97 

1 
6 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
6 

2 
5 
2 
2 

1 
8 
2 
1 
2 

1 
3 
1 

1 

98 

3 
3 

10 
9 
7 
8 

12 

13 

8 
6 
5 

8 

7 

4 
•) 

i 
1 

1 

2 

i 
I 

5 

8 

10 

8 

6 

13 

9 

6 
7 
9 
5 
4 

i" 

•l>9 

.  , 

1(H) 

2 
2 

5 

1 
8 

9 

9 

12 

12 

13 

!J 

16 
15 
13 

7 
8 

I 
3 
3 

101 

4 

4 

5 
•> 

5 

9 

13 

10 

7 

7 

9 

10 

2 
2 
3 
5 

6 

8 

11 

14 

10 

11 

7 

13 

7 

4 

t 

3 
3 
1 
1 

1 

4 

4 
9 

5 
5 
6 
8 

10 
17 
14 
13 
11 
11 

16 
9 
13 
6 
3 
3 
3 



2 
3 

2 

3 

4 
2 
4 

9 
4 
9 
5 

1.0 
16 
13 

16 
20 
23 
17 
16 
16 
8 
9 

t 

3 
3 
» 

1 

102 

lo;} 

i" 

2 
3 
4 

3 
14 

9 
13 

9 

8 

9 

6 
10 
8 
7 
5 
7 
3 
2 

1 
1 

3 
1 

4 

6 
13 
13 

8 

10 
13 

17 

19 

17 

13 

8 

9 

11 

0 

I 

1 
1 

3 

104 

2 

105 

3 

KNj 

5 

107 

1 

108 

1 

lOO 

5 

110 

4 

Ill 

13 

iia 

10 

]i:t 

9            9 

11 

iu 

o 

3 

2 

6 

t 

13 

115     

15 

lit) 

16 

117 

13 

118 

8 

2 

14 

119 

10 

1»1 

16 

I:.'! 

1 

19 

l*i 

3 

1 

9 

V£i 

6 

124 

1 
1 

i 

7 

125 

0 

12<i 

1 
1 

5 

127 



1 

128 



2 

]2i) 

1 

1 

]:«t 

3 

i:u 

1 

1 

l;(2 

■■ 

Wt 

1 

1 

134 

Cases 

47 
103.6 

i4.82 

84 
104.2 
±4.01 

115 
104.9 
±4.69 

117  1      110 

138 
109.4 
±5.35 

188 
110.6 
±4.61 

171 
111.6 
±4.93 

131 
114.9 

±5.00 

115.7 
±4.94 

226 
115.9 
±5.16 

313 

A  V  e  r  a  g  e 

height 

Mean    varia- 
tion  

106.8 
±4.97 

108.9 
±4.13 

117.1 

±.5.74 

15G2 


EDUCATION   REPORT,  1896-97. 


Statures  of  Toronto  givh,  groiq)ed  in  quarter-year  jieriods— Continued. 


iii» 


!  i    ^ 


iJ 


Number  of  girls  of  the  following 

ages. 

Ileiirlit  in 

8  year.' 

anil  - 

9  years  and— 

10  year.j  and- 

0to2 
inos. 

3  to  5 
mo.s. 

Gto;< 
mo.s. 

9  to  11 
mo3. 

0  to  2 

lUOH. 

:\  to  5 

UIOS. 

0to8 
mos. 

9toll 
mos. 

Oto3 
mo.s. 

3  to  5 
mos. 

0to8 
mos. 

9  to  11 
mos. 

ino 

101 



" 1 

itt» 

1 

1 

103 

lO-t       

..    ..  |. 



"    1            •  ■    --•  • 

105 

1 
1 

1 

I 

10(i 

107 

i 

4 

2 
4 

4 

7 

9 

13 

15 

12 

9 

9 

24 
13 
10 
10 
13 
7 

11 
[i 
5 
0 

3 

*> 

•       2 

lOS 

I 

4 

4 

U 

9 

9 

U 

13 

10 

14 

15 

17 

11 

12 

0 

11 

8 

0 

4 

5 

1 

O 

»> 

M 
1 

4 

8 
1 
3 
10 
15 
10 
15 
10 

23 

•M 

21 
15 

18 

10 

9 

13 

8 
»> 

1^ 

5 
1 
3 
•> 

1^ 

1 
3 

2 

0 
5 
8 
4 
16 
13 

15 
14 
18 
17 
12 
16 
13 
14 
3 
3 

8 
1 
5 

1 

i 

109 

1 

1 

110 

1 

1 

Ill 

1 
1 
1 

1 

4 

3 

12 

3 

13 

10 
14 
13 
17 
13 
15 
13 
13 
0 
7 

10 

8 

113 

1 

O 

8 

O 

M 

5 

15 

10 
9 
19 
11 
20 
17 
18 
18 
25 
8 

10 
8 
0 
3 
3 
1 
4 
3 

I 

1 

•> 

3 
1 
4 
5 
0 

9 
14 

7 
17 
18 
23 
10 
20 
11 
10 

13 
18 

7 
0 
3 
4 
3 
1 
1 

1 

113 

1 

1 

114 

1 

(L 

115 

3 
3 

7 

." 
t 

8 
6 
10 
13 
17 
15 
14 
21 
18 
8 

19 
8 
0 
3 
0 

I 

7 

1 


i" 

3 

3 
5 
9 
4 
0 
15 
8 

10 

8 

13 
15 
18 

s 

9 
4 
4 

O 

5 

o 



116 

1 

3' 

3 

3 
4 
0 

t 

5 
18 
11 
13 

8 
11 

19 
8 
8 

15 
6 

14 
5 
9 
0 
3 

4 
3 

1 

1 

1 

117 

IIH 

Ill) 

120 

1 
3 
0 
0 

8 
17 
5 
8 
9 
13 

10 
14 
11 
14 
15 
15 
11 
10 
12 
5 

8 
1 
3 
3 

»> 

3 

m 

123 

3 
4 

12;{ 

124 

3 

7 

125 

10 

12(i 

8 

127 

9 

128 

9 

129 

11 

130 

14 

131 

30 

132 

1 

17 

133 

18 

134 

1 

1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

13 

la^ 

11 

130 

1 

7 

137 

g 

i;i« ... 

8 

139        

5 

140     

1 

1 

G 

ill       1 

u.: ' 

""""""  ■ 

1 

4 

143            



1 

1 

4 

144. 

1 

145 

2 

14(i 

1 

1 

3 

147 

1 

1 

•> 

1 

14« 

3 

149 

150 

1 

1 

151 

:::::::::: 

152 1 

... 

1 

* 

1 

Cases 

ISC 
118.9 
+  5.23 

207 
119.7 
±5.00 

238 
121.3 

±5.08 

203 
122.4 

±,5.40 

192 
13=3.55 

±4.95 

230 
124.98 
+  4.97 

231 
125.7? 

±5.28 

130.47 
±.'..50 

IhO 
129.11 
±5.59 

199 
129.75 
+  5.70 

339 
131.81 
±0.15 

213 

Average 
height 

Mean  varia- 
tion   

132.17 
+  0.13 

!  ill  HI 


■)  otoa  otoii 

I.  I  mos.  i  mo3. 


8 

0 

13 

10 
14 
11 
14 
15 
15 
11 
1(5 
12 


"i 


.1 

2 

4 
3 

7 
10 
8 
9 
9 
11 

14 

ao 

17 

18 

13 

11 

7 

9 

8 

6 


1 
1 

*> 

1 

2 

3 

1 

•> 

1 
3 



1 

1 

1 

■"""1 

199        2»'9 
.75   131.81 
.70    i:6.15 

313 
132.17 

4:0.13 

THE    GROWTH    OF   TORONTO   CHILDREN.  1563 

Statures  of  Toronto  girls,  grouped  in  quarter-ijcarjicriods—Continvied. 


Number  of  girls  of  the  following  age.s. 

Hoiffhtin 
ceutimetors. 

11  years  and— 

Oto2 
mos. 

12  year 

3  to  5 
mos. 

sand— 

Oto2 
mos. 

13  years  and— 

3  to  5   otoy 
mos.  ^  mos. 

0to2 
mos. 

0 

3  to  5 

mo.3. 

fito8 
mos. 

9  toll 

1110s. 

0  to  8  9  to  11 
mo.s.     mos. 

9  toll 
mo.s. 

11.-,   

]l(i         

1 

117   

US 1 

119                     ! 

1 

i' 

i 

:i 
3 

6 
8 
9 

17 
15 
11 
14 
11 
15 
15 
20 

1? 

17 
9 
3 
3 
3 
7 
3 
3 
3 

M 

i 

120               .    . 

2 

1 

4 
5 
8 
4 

9 
12 

9 
8 
11 
10 
10 
10 
10 
12 
9 
11 

10 
1; 
4 
4 
4 

1 

•> 

4" 

2 

»> 

4 
5 
(5 
7 

11 

i 

11 
5 
11 
14 
10 
17 
14 
13 

13 
5 
9 

13 
5 
5 
0 
5 

•  I 

4 

1 

1 

121 

1 

1 
1 

<> 

7 
3 

10 
9 
7 

13 
13 
12 
10 
18 
14 
10 

10 

18 

i 

7 
8 
11 
4 
3 
3 
7 

6 

i' 

i 

i 

122 

' 

12:5 

124    

2 
1 

i 

I 

8 

ll 

11 

15 

9 

16 

1^ 
12 
9 
12 
5 
7 
0 
3 

0 
1 

»> 

;:::::::::: 

]2i") 

1 

5 

4 

8' 

5 
9 
8 
5 
14 

1; 

13 
11 
12 
14 

9 
14 

8 
10 

9 

9 

9 
3 
3 

i 
3 
•> 

3 



1 

120     

..."■ 

127          

1 
1 
;5 

4 

1 

(5 

4 

12 

10 

11 

9 

11 

7 

14 

14 

18 

15 

12 

5 

0 

9 

0 

0 

M 

4 
4 

1 
0 
2 

4 

0 

M 

1 

4 

;5 

3 
3 

l/) 

(.. 

1 

10 
13 

0 
11 
13 
11 

8 
12 

8 

9 

8 
5 
0 
4 

1 

3 
0 

i 

1 

1 

12H 

129         

1 

ino 

1 

131            

'*» 

4 

9 
3 

;5 
5 
3 

10 

13 
13 
10 

i 
« 

10 

3 
0 
4 

;5 

3 
4 
3 
0 
3 

1 
1 
1 

3 

;V 

4 

5 

0 

10 

2 

1 

10 
0 

10 

i> 

10 
8 

11 
0 
5 

11 
9 
7 
1 
7 
3 
3 
3 
2 
3 

3 

3" 

1 
1 

i;52 

1:5:5 

134 

::::::: 
4 
2 
3 
1 
5 
•J 

" 

8 
4 
9 
5 

■i 

14 
0 

11 
4 

18 

10 

9 

5 

'I 
1 
6 

1 

4 
2 

1 

3 

i' 

1 


ia5 

13*5 

137 

1 

i:58 

3 

139 

3 

140 

1 

141    

4 

142     

3 

14:5 

144    

4 

4 

145 

7 

14(5 

3 
3 

,5 

147            

11 

148      

5 

119       

0 

1 
1 

10 

150 

11 

151 

152 

11 

15:5     

1 

g 

154     

1 

6 

155                       1             1 

A 

15(5     L.  .  - 

*> 

5 

157          

4 

158 

... 

1 

1 
3 
1 

G 

159 

1 

1 

1 
1 

4 

IfiO     

,5 

161 

1 

162 

2 

163 

1 

IW 





1 

3 

4 

166 

IM 

167 

168 

169 

170 

171 

1 



211 
141.0 
±7.10 

Cases 

195 
133.98 

J;0.50 

233 
135.50 

J:C.02 

221 
13(5. 49 
J,  0.50 

228 
137. 70 
±0.45 

193 
140.2 
iO.48 

230 
141.3 
±7.02 

190 
114.0 
±7.00 

151 
110.7 
±0.57 

181 
14.5.0 
±7.33 

181 
148.5 
±0.90 

143 

Average 
heiglit 

Mean    varia- 
tion  

1.50. 4 
i  0  57 

i 


1564  EDUCATION   REPORT,  1896-97. 

StaUires  of  Toronto  girls,  grouped  in  qiiarter-year  periods — Concluded. 


Number  of 

girls  of  the  following  ages. 

Height  in  centi- 

14  years  and— 

15  years  and— 

10  years  and— 

0to3 
mos. 

3  to  5 
mos. 

6  to  8 
mos. 

9  to  11 
mos. 

Oto3 
mos. 

3  to  5 
mos. 

6  to  8 
mos. 

9  to  11 
mos. 

0to5 
mos. 

etou 

mos. 

127 

1 

138    

129 

13()   

j 

ISl 

1 

133     

1 

13ii    



134         

1 

ia5     

1 

136    

1 
3 

137 

1 



13.S 

" 

139 

3 

2 
1 
3 

•> 
»> 

3 
o 

9 

7 
13 

8 

M 
1 

14 

i 

13 
4 
0 
0 

1 
1 
3 

1 

1 

1 

141) 



1 

i 

141 

2 

1 

1 
2 

143 

4 

1 
4 

4 
3 
4 

6 

« 
8 
5 
3 
10 

11 
9 
5 

10 
3 
4 
1 
1 
1 

3 

.  _ 

143 

1 
8 

o 
•> 

i" 

1 

144 

5 

3 
1 

3' 

5 
U 
10 
0 
4 
9 

5 

13 
2 

7 
3 
5 
4 
2 
1 
1 

o 

1 
>> 

1 

1 
1 
1 
2 

•J 

1 
1 
3 
3 
1 
2 
4 

i 

t 

1 

8 
4 

1 
4 
0 
2 
3 
1 
3 

1 
1 
4 

1 
1 
1 

4' 

•> 

3 
3 

3 

8 

4 
0 
4 
4 
0 
13 
4 
1 

i 

1 

145 

1 

.... 

1 
1 
2 
2 
6 
4 
5 
4 

8 
4 
•> 

8 
4 
0 
7 
0 
3 
1 

1 

t> 

1 

3" 

[ 

3 

i' 

1 

0 

4 
I 

5 

1 
1 

i" 

1 
1 

0 

4 

1 

\W)    

147 

148 

1 

149    

3 

15() 

151    

8 
5 
5 

7 
5 

* 

8 
0 
0 
4 

10 
4 
B 
I 
2 

1 
1 

4 
3 

3 
1 

5 
2 
1 
2 
4 
3 

O 

1 
4 
3 

1 

1 
1 

153       

3 

153 

2 

154         

3 

155         

6 

15(i 

2 

157    

1 

IW      

2 

159    

4 

16(1    

3 

161 

3 

163    

5 

IW 

164    

1 
1 

1 

165       

8 

Kit) 

167       

1      1 

1   .      .    _. 

1 
1 

KiH    

169                  

170          .  . 

171 1 

173 1 

1 

Cases 

Average  hoiKht... 
Mean  variation... 

114 
153. 4 
±0.44 

i;io 

151.3 
±6.31 

KXI 
Vii.  9 
±0.44 

93 
154.9 
±5.44 

55 
1.54.5 
±0.26 

73 
155. 4 
±0.17 

79 
15(1, 5 
±5.11 

41 
15(1. 7 
±5.40 

75 
1.50, 19 
±4.90 

48 
15<»,90 
±0,37 

lijl 


_^ 


led. 


ears  and- 


5 

3. 

6  to  11 
mos. 

... 

... 

1 

i" 

1 

o 

i 

l' 
•> 

*v 

3 
o 

3 

8 

4 
6 
4 
4 
6 
13 
4 
1 
3 
3 

1 

1 

1 

i 

a 
1 
1 

3 

3 

ft 
3 
1 
3 
4 
3 
3 
6 
1 
1 

8 

1 
1 



i 

75 
.10 
.00 

48 

m\.m 

±•(.37 

THE    GROWTH    OF   TORONTO    CHILDREN. 

Statures  of  Toronto  boys,  grouped  in  one-year  periods. 


1565 


Heiglit  in  cen- 
timeters. 

Number  of  boys  measured 

if  the  age  of— 

4 
years 

5      j 
years. 

0 
years. 

years. 

8 
years. 

0 

years. 

10 
years. 

11 
years 

13 
years. 

13 
years. 

14     1 
years.; 

15 
years. 

00 

1 

01 

i" 

1 

!« 

03 

04 

4 

5 
3 
3 

5 
5 

8 

12 
13 

b 
0 

0 
4 

i 

1 
1 

1 

c" 

I 

0 

15 
13 
10 
21 

27 

2tJ 
28 
10 
20 

28 

24 
22 
10 
10 
4 

5 

i 

1 
3 

05 

1 
1 
2 
1 
3 

1 

4 

ft 

Iti 

17 

2(1 
22 

2(i 
30 
44 

02 
51 
40 
30 
47 

48 
31 
23 
18 
14 

8 
8 
3 

06 



07 

08 



00 

100 

101 

102 

103 

3 

1 

4 

7 

13 
11 
17 

,30 
44 
57 
45 

68 

00 
71 
0.3 
00 
56 

57 

m 

40 
22 
2ti 

15 

^■ 
t 

7 

12 

3 

4 
1 

104 

105 

»> 
3 

O 

•V 

3 

4 

1 

5 

13 
18 
20 

38 
43 
4(i 
03 
55 

0(1 
64 
72 
56 

m 

,50 
40 
37 
41 
31 

17 
13 
14 

10 

8 

4 
4 

106 

1 
2 

107- 

1 

108 

iOO 

110 

1 

3 
3 
3 

o 

0 
17 

27 
21 

31 
52 
4.3 
50 
04 

67 
03 
03 
63 

4;$ 

65 
41 
48 
.3i-) 
27 

10 
16 

Ill 

4 

1 

113 

1 

113 

114 

1 

1 
5 

115 

110 

117 

4 

3 

8 

13 

8 
18 
30 
20 

33 
33 
30 
44 
61 

04 

5;j 

55 
58 
41 

57 

43 

31 
o» 

84 

23 

26 

11 

5 

0 

1 
5 

2 
3 

1 
1 

o 
8 
3 
6 

t 

17 
13 
16 

27 
31 

53 
36 
30 
38 
(!4 

43 

57 
41 
6,3 
46 

40 
80 
85 
27 
18 

17 

10 

10 

0 

3 

4 
•> 

3 
3 
1 

118 

110 

1 

120 

1 

121 

123 

1 

f, 

4 
5 

i 

10 

11 

IH 
16 
33 
21 
37 

,30 
48 
38 
64 
43 

48 
38 
4.5 
34 
43 

38 

») 

27 

12 

81 

8 
6 
3 
3 

i" 

i" 

1 

3 

1 

12;J 

124 

1 
2 

1 

125 

1 

•> 

i 
1 

'20 

127     

128 

i 

1 

120 

180 

5 
7 
5 
0 
0 

14 
24 
31 
10 
10 

88 
25 
33 
20 
2)1 

40 
25 
27 
31 
23 

;w 

18 
20 

18 
0 

I 

131  ...  

133 

1 
2 

IS) 

3 

134 

185 

3 
4 
5 
0 
8 

0 
13 

6 
10 

0 

20 
15 
16 
27 
13 

20 
12 

2;) 

10 
86 

130 

187 

1 

1            5 

1 

138 

1 
1 

0 
3 

o 
3 

1 
1 

lUQ 

1 

J40 

4 

Ul... 



8 

148 

1 

1 

m 

1 

144 

i 

1 

3 

lis 

2 

146 

7 

147 .. . 

3 

148   .. 

1 

5 

140 

4 

160 

1 

5 

161 

8 

153 

a 

163   . 

10 

154 

8 

* 


1566 


EDUCATION    REPORT,  1896-97. 


Statures  of  Toronto  hoys,  grouped  in  one-year  periods — Concluclecl. 


I 


Height  in  cen- 
timoters. 

Number  of  boys  measured  of  the  ago  of— 

1 
years 

5 
years. 

0 
years. 

7 
years. 

8 
years. 

9 
years. 

10 
years. 

11 
years. 

12 
years. 

13 
years. 

14 

years. 

10 
11 
12 
8 
12 

10 

10 

0 

5 

5 

5 
4 

0 

15 
years. 

ir)5    

7 
8 
»> 

t^ 

1 

*> 

o 

19 

9 
7 

12 
0 

0 
4 

<> 

M 

3 

3 

1 

0 

\'*S 

t 

5 

15"              

5 

15S               

15 

159              ..    .. 

8 

100         

11 

101 

7 

Wi 

0 

1(53 

3 

lot       



4 

165 

4 

100 

6 

lor      

2 

4 

lOS    

6 

100         

1 

8 

170      

8 

171       .      .      .- 

17;i 

5 

173 

•" - 

1 

1 

m 

I 

1 

175 

! 

170 

"" 1  

1 

1 

177 

1            1 

178 



1 1 

170 

1 1 

1 

180 

1 

181    

182 

183    

181 

.^ 

185... 

180 

. 





187 

i; r:"-- 

1 

188 

..:::::i  __..::i 

189 

1 

1 

740 
12.483 

110.05 
1O.8O 

140.1 

Cases 

00 
4.51;i 

317 

5. 558 

100.51 
iS.ia 

100.  S 

013 
0.517 

111.23 

:t4.b2 

111.1 

810       !i;u 

905 
0.175 

120. 55 
i.5.50 

120. 7 

839 
10. 483 

131.39 
i.0.15 

131.6 

817 
11.1.58 

LTi.  70 
J.  0,15 

135.0 

5(H1 
13.475 

145.30 
i.7.79 

145, 4 

387 
14,425 

151,00 

.'.8.55 

151.5 

170 

Averagoayo... 

Avoi'iiBO 
beight 

Mean  variation 

Corroctcd  nv- 
orago   for 
half  year 

7. 108 

110.03 
±5.08 

110.8 

8.175 
121.7:) 

.1:5.58 

121.8 

15.408 

157.00 
tO.CO 

157.6 

I 


t  I  15 
rs.  yeara. 


0 
5 

n 

15 

8 

11 

7 
6 
3 
4 


5 
4 
3 

t> 

M 

4 

4 
6 

4 
5 
8 

2 

i 

5 

i 

1 

1 

— 

1 

1 

;w7 

435 

.00 
.55 

)1.5 

170 
15.408 

157.00 

L'J.OO 

157.6 

THE  GROWTH  OF  TORONTO  CHILDREN. 


StatiiJ'es  of  Toronto  girls,  grouped  in  one-}jear  pcriodn 


1567 


4  years. 

Niimljer  of  girls  moasurod  of  tlio  aa 

0  of- 

Hcislit  in   centi- 
meters. 

i 

t 

I 

I- 

S    !    % 

*^        o 

u 

O 
>> 

a) 

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87                

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1 

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i           1 

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8'J 

1           i 

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1 

91 

1 

93 

i 

93 

5 

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M 

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4 
9 

I 

13 
9 
8 
3 
9 

3 
3 

O 

i 

1 
1 

o 

I 

11 
10 

34 
31 

38 
30 
37 

35 
33 
34 
15 
31 

31 
14 

8 
13 

4 

4 

4 

1 

91     

1 

05          



1 



9(1                   ..     .     . 

97 

3 

o 

8 
15 
13 
34 

35 
31 
43 
44 

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5(5 
43 
51 
43 
34 

37 
30 
34 
13 

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4 

1 

. 

98 

911 

( 

100 

i 

101 

,. 

1 

lit.'     

3 
3 

r* 
1 

13 
10 
9 
10 
18 

40 
39 

to 

40 
4(i 

57 

58 
53 
43 

48 
43 
31 
'    18 
17 

10 
13 

7 
3 

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3 
o 

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1 

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103               

104 

105        

•> 

1 

1 
4 
9 

10 
13 
31 
19 
37 

39 
51 

m 

54 
47 

78 
(JO 
(!1 
48 
5t 

47 

38 
35 
31 
13 

18 

4 

11 

H 

1 

3 
1 
1 

1 

100 



107 

108 

1 
1 

1 

1 
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5 
4 

13 
15 
18 
30 
40 

43 
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54 

58 

m 

70 
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73 
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39 

53 
41 
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13 

13 

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109 

1 
1 

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. 

110 

i 

...... 

111 

1 
1 

1 

113 

1 

1 

113         

114           

1 

1 

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5 
(! 
3 

10 
14 
35 

;.•() 

38 

00 
33 
37 
43 
13 

03 
57 

5i 

55 
43 

40 
37 

38 
38 
1(! 

30 
II 

8 
4 

5 
3 
4 

O 

i 

115      

*> 

i 

lie,             

117 

118 

;> 

119 

1 

3 

5 
3 

7 

7 

Vl 
18 
17 
30 
31 

47 
30 
40 
43 
51 

51 
51 
(17 
45 
57 

50 
38 
33 
3(1 
19 

3il 
15 
14 
0 
13 

130 

121      

1 

1 

5 



133 

133            .     . 

134 

i) 

M 

3 
3 
5 
10 
9 

11 

7 

31 

14 

33 

37 

■x\ 

41 

47 
40 

5;i 

47 
48 
53 
43 

43 

37 
38 
^M) 
33 

12;") 

l!i0 

137  

... . 

1 
1 

O 

1 
3 
3 
3 

7 

8 

8 

13 

30 

10 

19 
33 
31 

at 

31 

48 
4;i 
35 

J.I) 
39 

1 

138        

139. 

130 

131 

133 

i 

];si 

1 

iw 

1 

1 
1 
3 

186 

18B       

187 

188 

180 ... 

7 

o 

IV 

4 
9 
4 

13 

10 
8 
7 

30 
14 

1 
1 

140 

1 

1 

141    

142 

1 

3 
1 

4 

4 

5 
4 
0 
4 

143 

1 

144 

1 

145 

3 

14(1 

8 

147 

I 

148.             

I 

141) 

0 

if 


• 

'  i  { 


1568 


EDUCATION   REPORT,  1896-97. 


> 


i  ■' 


Statures  of  Toronto  girls,  grouped  in  one-j/ear  pen'ods— Concluded. 


Nnmbor  of  girls  measui 

•ed  of  the  age  of — 

Height  in  centi- 
metcis. 

i 

I 

i 

CO 

i 

i 

IB 

SO 

4) 
>> 

O 
r- 1 

o5 

t 
>> 

l-H 
rH 

i 

1-t 

i 

to 

in 

>> 

1,50 

2 

15 
2 

T 
1 

27 
12 
11 

10 
10 

8 
14 
3 
3 
1 

2 
3 
1 

43 
36 

28 
17 
29 

15 
13 
18 
17 
13 

11 
4 
7 
4 
8 

1 

32 
31 
%\ 
28 
31 

30 
33 
19 
29 
12 

26 

10 

9 

3 

3 

3 
3 
3 
3 

11 

12 
10 
13 
14 

24 
17 
9 
16 
13 

10 
11 
11 

8 
8 

5 
5 
0 
1 

3 

1,51.              

4 

1,52 

1 

4 

153              .      . . 

6 

\U 

11 

1:55                  

10 

150 

i 

8 

1.57 

1 

5 

1.58 

::::;::::::: 

6 

159 

1 

10 

100 

14 

101 

::::::i:::::: 

7 

102 

1 

6 

1()3        

1 

4 

ItU        



1 

1 

4 

1(5,5 

4 

lot)      .                   ..  . 



1 

107 

1 

1(^ 

109 

... 

1 

170 

o 

in 

[ 

1 

172 

1 

173 



174 

Cases 

8S 

303 

597 
0. 508 
110.4 
±4.80 
110.4 

759 
7.  .508 
110.0 
±5.30 
110.0 

834 
8. 475 
120. 0 
±5.5;? 
120.  7 

875 
9. 475 
135.3 
±5.32 
125.3 

S;?^  1    870 
10.4S'ni.475 

i;i(i.8  i:io.o 

±0.2()  ±15.52 
130.9  mi.i 

824 

13.4,5.« 

141.7 

±0.90 

141.9 

6a5 

13. 458 
147. 7 
i7.17 
148.0 

443 
14.442 

i,5;i.o 

±0.35 
1.5:}.  3 

247 

15. 4:i3 

155. 8 

±5.80 
15»J.O 

133 

Avoraire  aire 

10.  a58 

Average  height 

xMoan  variation 

Corrected  average . 

100.  1 
±4.20 

io5.2 
±4.8(t 

150.5 
±5.a5 
150.7 

i 


Tho  following  table  e.Khibits  the  dtatures  of  Toronto  children  as  compared  with 
American  children  in  general: 

STATURES  OF  BOYS,  IN  CENTIMETERS. 


Ago  in  year.s. 

5.5.    1    0.5. 

1 

7.5. 

8.5. 

9.5.       10.5. 

11.5. 

12.5. 

13.5. 

14.5. 

15.5. 

10.5. 

Toronto 

American  — 

100.2 
105.0 

lll.l 
111.6 

110.8 
110.8 

121. 8 
132.0 

13(i.:     131.5 
120.9     131.8 

136.9 

i;w.2 

140.1 
140. 7 

145.4     1,51.5 
140.0     152.4 

1.57. 6 
1.59.  7 

STATURES  OP  GIRLS>  IN  CENTIMETERS. 

Toronto  

American 

1 
105.2  '  110.4 
104.9     110.1 

j 

110.0  i;io.7 

110.1  121  3 

125.3     130.9 
126.1     131.3 

130.1     141.9 
130.0     143.5 

148,0     153,3 
148.7     153.5 

150.0 
156.5 

156. 7 
158.0 

VARIABILITY  OF  BOYS'  STATURES. 

Toronto    .... 

t  5. 13 

i4.82    ±5.08 
±4.93  i  t5.22 

1 

1-5.58  '±5.59    to.  15  !±0.15  '±0.80 
±5.53  j±5.U0  1  ±5.90    ±0.;J3    ±0.80 

±7.70 

±7.71 

±8.56 
±8.00 

±9.00 

±8.87 

American 

±4.80 

±7.76 

<■ 

VARIABILITY  OF  GIRLS'  STATURES. 

Toronto  

Aineriran 

±4.80    ±4.80    ±5.80    ±6.68 
±4.«4    ±6.07    ±6.36    ±6.68 

±6.iB    ±0,20    ±0,63 
±5,7!)    ±0,18    ±0.83 

1 

±0.90 

±7.67 

±7.17 
±7.87 

±6.86 
±0.00 

±6.80 
±6.00 

±5.86 
±5.70 

13 

E 

i 

t» 

s 

<D 

>> 

>, 

rr 

to 

■" 

rH 

11 

3 

12 

4 

10 

4 

12 

5 

14 

11 

84 

10 

17 

8 

0 

5 

10 

G 

13 

10 

10 

14 

11 

11 

8 

8 

5 

5 

0 

1 



1 

247 

133 

).5. 

10.5. 

7.0 
0.7 

0.0 
i0.5 

150. 7 
158.0 

1.00 

(.87 

"  ±7."76 

5.80 
5.00 

±5.85 
i5.79 

THE    GROWTH    OF   TORONTO    CHILDREN. 


1569 


It  appears  from  these  tables  tliat  on  the  whole  the  Toronto  children  are  not  as 
favorably  developed  as  are  American  children,  their  statures  being  slightly  sliorter. 
The  variability  of  the  Toronto  series  does  not  differ  so  much  from  the  general 
series  as  might  he  expected.  The  causes  that  modify  the  growth  of  children  in  a 
single  city  appear  to  be  so  great  that  the  decrease  in  general  variability  is  very 
slight  indeed. 

The  variabilities  given  in  the  preceding  tables  are  those  for  the  whole  year. 
When  the  variabilities  for  each  year  are  calculated  from  the  averages  of  the  tri- 
montmy  periods  given  on  pages  1 558-1. ■■)()4,  a  considerable  reduction  in  the  values 
takes  place. 

BOYS. 


Variability 
for- 


Ago  in  years. 


The    whole 

year +5.13 

Quarterly 

periods  .-.  +4.70 


:6.5. 

±4.83 
+  4.05 

7.5. 

±5.08 

±4.77 

8.5. 


9.5. 


+  5.58  :±5.59 
±.5.38    ±5.35 


10.5. 


±0.15    ±6.15 


+6.03 


11.5. 


12.5. 


13.5.      14.5. 


15.5. 


16.5. 


±6. 


+6.80    ±7.79    +8.55 


bO.OO 


±0.61    ±7.63    +8.23  a±8.91  '. 

I  ■  '  I 


GIRLS. 


The    whole  I 

year |±4.80 

Quarterly 

periods  ...'±4.03 


±4.80 
±4.73 


±5.30  i±5.5;{    ±5.32 


±6.20 


±5.21    ±5.34    ±5.18  i±.5.80 


±6.52 
±6.38 


±0.06  I  ±7. 17 


±0.35 


±0.90 


±6.85    ±0.13 


±5.8(5 
±5. 73 


±5.;« 

+  5.63 


(I  Six-monthly  period. 
THE  GROWTH   OF   FIRST-BORN  CHILDREN. 

I  have  shown  (Science,  1895,  April  12)  that  the  first-born  children  in  Oakland, 
Cal.,  exceed  in  height  later-born  children.  The  data  which  wen*  then  available 
gave  the  following  results.  The  columns  headed  "Differences"  contain  the 
amount  to  be  added  to  the  average  statures  and  weights  in  order  to  obtain  the 
measurements  of  first-born  and  later-born  children.  The  figures  in  parentheses 
desigi  tte  the  number  of  individuals  measured. 

STATURES  OP  OAKLAND  BOYS,  IN  MILLIMETERS. 


Average 
stature. 

Differences  between  average  stature  iiiul  stature  of--- 

Ago  in  years. 

First-born 
children. 

Second- 
born  chil- 
dren. 

Third-born 
children. 

-13    (25) 
+  13    (31) 

-  I    (32) 
1-  5    (38) 

-18    (41) 
+  10    (32) 

-  4    (!t8) 
+  10    (28) 
+  4    (27) 

-18    (33) 
+21    (18) 

Fourth- 
born  chil- 
dren. 

- '.:  (10) 

+  0   (24; 

-18     (25) 

+  5    (2:1) 
-i.->   (;i5) 

-13    (27) 
-  5    (30) 
-31     (20) 
!    0    (25) 

-11    (15) 
-20    (13) 

Lb  or- born 
children. 

6.5    

1137    (145) 
1180    (107) 
1240    (3:H) 
1283    (220) 

i:m    (24^1) 
1370    (208) 
1420    (2;f(i) 
1482     (184) 
1550    (l(i3) 

1032    (118) 
1(!08     (110) 

+  7    (30) 
+11    (49) 

—  3    (57) 
+  2    (57) 

±  0    (00) 

-  1     (58) 
H2()     (00) 
1  10     (54) 
1-11     (40) 

+  0    (35) 
-10    (20) 

-t-  7    (30) 

-  4    (42) 

-  7    (.54) 

-  3    (47) 

+i«    (40) 
+  1      30) 

-  1    (47) 
+10    (43) 
-10    (40) 

+  8    (20) 
1-17    (30) 

—  5     (33) 

7.5 

8.5 

-10     (46) 
-21     (61) 

0.5 

+  1     (40) 

-  8    (47) 

—  1     ^45) 

10.5 

11.5 

12.5 

-  Ill    (41) 

13.5 

14.6 

-25    (30) 

+  8     (24) 

15.5 

•t-  4    (17) 

16.5 

+  0    (25) 

Avorago  differ- 
enoes   ... 

+4.6 

+4.0 

+  1.0 

-7.0 

—0.9 

ED  97- 


-U'J 


ii 


1570 


EDUCATION   REPORT,  1896-97. 


STATURES  OF  OAKLAND  GIRLS,  IN  MILLIMETERS. 


Average 
stature. 

Differences  between 

average  stature  and  stature  of — 

Ag'.;  in  yoar.s. 

First-horn 
children. 

Sooond- 
Ijorn  chil- 
dren, 

±  0    (38) 
-1    (40) 
-11    (40) 

-  y    (57) 

-  3    (40) 
1-10    (41) 

+14    (.50) 
+  9    (48) 
±  0    (68) 

+  11     (36) 
-;58    (,38) 
-21    (19) 
-5    (30) 

Third-l)om 
children. 

Fourth- 
Ijorn  chil- 
dren. 

-1ft    (10) 

-  4    (34) 
+  13    (19) 
-17    (31) 

-  0     (30) 
-t-  3    (34) 
+  7     (40) 

1-  0    (39) 
-17    (23) 

-  1     (19) 

-  1     (14) 
±  0    (15) 
-10      (9) 

Later-ljorn 
children. 

0.5 

1135 
1175 

l;>30 

1.377 

l.-iC) 
1:J89 
14.'iO 
151(i 
1560 

1577 
l.")97 
1,597 
1(503 

(113) 
(199) 
(331) 

(3.53) 

(3,34) 
(330) 
(,3s;j) 
(:*33) 
(341) 

(170) 

(137) 

(99) 

(83) 

+11    (33) 
+  8     (49) 
+  14    (53) 

—  4    (05) 

4-  7    (.59) 
+  13    (53) 
-r  3    (05) 

—  3    (ti3) 
i-  9    (01) 

—  3    (43) 
+  15    (\W) 
-rW    (30) 
+13    (37) 

-  9    (15) 
+  3    (44) 

-  9    (4;]) 
+  14    (47) 

■1-15    CZS) 
-3    (33) 

-  1    (5^)) 

-19   (as) 

-8    (38) 

-  6    (33) 

-  3    (3!$) 

-  8    (19) 
-.35    (10) 

-  1    'm 

7.5 

-xi    (42) 

8.5 

9.5 

10.5 

-  4    (61) 
+  5    (.50) 

—11     (59) 

11.5 

-14    (61) 

13  5 

-(-  8    (07) 

13.5    

14.5 

+  9    (45) 
—  1     (49) 

15.5 

10.5.            

-5    (41) 
—18    (33) 

17.5 

+14    (16) 

18  and  older 

-I    (16^ 

Average  differ- 
ences  

+7.1 

-3.8 

-4.5 

-3.3 

—3.3 

WEIGHTS  OF  OAKLAND  BOYS,  IN  POUNDS. 


Ago  in  years. 


Average 
weight. 


Differences  between  average  weight  and  weights  of— 


First-born 
children. 


Second- 
born  chil- 
dren. 


Third -born 
children. 


Fourth - 
born  chil- 
dren. 


Later-  born 
children. 


6.5. 

7.5 

8.5 

0.5 


J  47.7  (147) 

-i  .51.7  (191) 

.i  .57.3  (339) 

.  03.3  (315) 


10.5 69.0  (3;tt) 

11.5 74.8  (30(!» 

12.5 81. C.  (334) 

13.5 89.1  (185) 

14.5 105.1  (100) 


-0.3  (38) 

+  1.1  (48) 

-0.3  (.58) 

-0.4  (.57) 

—1.6  (M) 
t-l.O  (58) 
i3.1  ((54) 

:-3.0   (,t()» 

4l.«  (47) 


15.5 119.5(110       -1-3.0(33) 


■f-0.7  (38) 

—0.6  (43) 

10.3  (53) 

+0.1  (4,5) 

-5.4  (47) 
-4).  9  (;«) 
+1,3  (46) 
(3,3  (46) 
-0.7  (38) 

-1.7  (37) 


+0.1  (20) 
-t-0.1  (33) 
+0.5  (33) 
-0,3  (36) 


-2.1 
+  L3 
-0.4 
+4.1 
-0.3 


(30) 

(;J3) 

(37) 

(38) 
(36) 


-0.1  (18) 

-1.0  (31) 

1-0.7  CM) 

-0.3  ri2/ 

-1.4  m) 

-0.9  (27) 

-3.6  (.34) 

-8.9  (.33) 

-1.4  (23) 


Average 
onces  . 


differ- 


+0.83 


+0.00 


+0.32 


-1..5rt 


WEIGHTS  OF  OAKLAND  GIRLS,  IN  POUNDS. 


6.5 45.7  (133) 

7.5 49. (i  (186) 

8.5 55.7  (217) 

0.5 [  60.0  (343) 

10,5 i    011.8  (2;.'l) 

11.5 74.3  (i:;.';.') 

12.5 84.2  (28(1) 

13,5 94.2  (220) 

U.5 '  10;-).8  (2!)5) 

15.5 !  110.7  (165) 


10.5, 

17.5 

18  and  older . 


Average  differ- 
ences   


116.5  (124) 
117.4  («t) 
118.3    (82) 


+  0.0  (31) 

-<).l  (4i'>) 

1-0.6  (50) 

-1.5  (64) 

fO,4  (.57) 

|3. 1  (50) 

+1.3  (07) 

—0.9  (03) 

+0.4  (60) 

+9.1  (41) 
1-7.9  Cflt) 

+  1.9  OO) 
1-3.4  (37) 


I 


+1.1S 


"'  ' 


+0.0  (30) 
t-0.0  (37) 
+0.3  (45) 
+0.3  (57) 

-0.8  (45) 
-1.3  (41) 
+3.6  (.50) 
+3.9  (47) 
+  1.3  (64) 

+0.1  (33) 
-1.5  (37) 
-0,5  (18) 
+0.4  (30) 


+0.48 


-1.0  (15) 

-0,1  (43) 

-1. 1  (43) 

1-3,1  (48) 

-1,8  (38) 
i-0,4  (31) 
-^J,3  (.54) 
-3,0  Cff) 
-4,3  (:»>) 

-3,5  (13) 

-3.9  r.i-i) 

-3.3  (10) 
-0.1  (10) 


-1.3  (10) 
-0.5  (Z\) 
+  0.8  (21) 
-3.1  (iiU) 

+2.5  (35) 
+  0.7  (33) 
-0.4  (39) 
+0.3  (29) 
-1.4  (35) 

+3.4  (19) 
-7.5  (14) 
+4.1  (15) 
-0.0    (9) 


-1.71 


-0.5  (35) 

40.0  (44) 
—0,6  (57) 
-\).l  (43) 

-0.1  (44) 
-0.3  (44) 
—1.8  (41) 
-3.5  (33) 
+0.5  (25) 


+0.1  (31)  '    +0.8  (1.5)         +1.8  (17) 


-0.44 


+0.4  (!J2) 
(O.l  (:«t) 

:tO,0  (50) 
+  1,0  (46) 

-1.0  (60) 
-1.3  (6,3) 
—0.3  (64) 
—1.2  (45) 
+1.7  (49) 

+  1.2(40) 
-0,1  CW) 
—1,2  (10) 
-1,1  (18) 


-0,13 


;atiire  of — 

Lftter-Lorn 
I  cMldrou. 


> 

- 1 

C38) 

— ii 

(42) 

) 

-  4 

(61) 

) 

+  5 

(•50) 

) 

-11 

(59) 

—14 

(61) 

-1-  8 

(67) 

+  9 

(45) 

-  1 

(49) 

—  5 

(41) 

-18 

(33) 

+14 

(16) 

—  1 

(16> 

—3.3 


eights  of- 


Later- born 
children. 

—0.5  (;») 

±0.0  (44) 
—0.6  (57) 
-0.1  (43) 

-0.1  (44) 
-0.3  (44) 
—1.8  (41) 
—3.5  (32) 
+0. 5  CS) 

+1.8  (17) 

-0. 44 

1 

0) 
i) 

+0. 4  (32) 
+0.1  (39) 
±0.0  (59) 
+  1.0  (46) 

5) 
3) 
9) 
9) 
5) 

-1.0  (fiO) 
-1.2  (62) 
—0.2  (61) 
-1.2  (4.5) 
+  1.7  (49) 

?! 

5) 
9) 

+  1.3(40) 
-0.1  CW) 
-1.3  (16) 
-1. 1  (16) 

-0.13 

THE    GROWTH    OF   TORONTO    CHILDREN. 


1571 


I) 


The  following  tables  contain  the  detailed  results  of  the  measurements  obtained 


in  Toronto: 


Statures  of  Toronto  hoys.    Age,  .^  yeor.s, 


Stature  in  centi- 

Order of  hirth. 

meters. 

Ist.         2d.     1     3d. 

4th. 

5th.        6th. 

7th. 

8th. 

9th. 

14th. 

88 

! 

1 

ij 

!         i         1 

1 

1 



««)                    

! 

1 

1 

1  i ' 

91 

1 

1 

\              ' 

92 

1 

1 

; 

93 

1 

1         \ 

94 

1 

1 

1 

1 

♦> 

3 

1 

1 

■ I 

95 

1 

\ 

1 

i; 

96 

' 

I 

Jt7   

1 

1 

1 

98 

2 
»> 

1 
3 

4 

1 

*> 

1 

O 

»> 

3 

4 
2 
3 
1 
3 

1 

i 
1 

1 
1 

99 

100       

1 

1 

I 

3" 

101    

! 

KG 

1 

1 

1 

103 

[ 

104 

105        .  .          .      . 

3 
1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

IOC)           

*> 

3 

•■ 

107            

1 
1 
1 

1 

108 

i " 

109 

110            ... 

' 

Ill 

3 

1 

1 

113                     .   . 

1 

113 





114 

1 



.  .  .. 

■ 

Cases     

17 

7.0 
104.8 

101.4 

26 

6.5 
100.5 

15 

0.3 
101.3 

7 

7 

5 

3 

1                        1 

Average     age 
(months  over  4 
vears) 

Average  stature. - 

II 


i 


1572 


i 


EDUCATION    REPORT,  1896-97. 
StaUwes  of  Toronto  boys.    Age,  5  years. 


stature  in  centi- 

Order of  birth. 

meters. 

1st. 

2d.   I   3d. 

4th. 

5th.  :  Gth. 

! 

7th. 

8th. 

9th. 

10th. 

nth. 

12th. 

13th.  i  14th. 

1 

(to 

91 

1 



H3 



93       

94         

1 

95 

96                     ... 

1 

1 

2 
1 

....„ 

1 

2 
...... 

•> 

1 

2 

2 
1 

O 

3 

1 

1 
1 
1 

1 
2 
1 

""■i 

2 

...... 

1 
2 

1 

07 

1 

98                

4 
2 

5 
3 
5 
6 
6 

9 
6 

8 

1 
2 

3 
3 

7 
4 
4 

8 
8 
3 
7 
4 

5 
5 
6 

1 

99                     

1 

2 

1 
1 
2 
5 

2 

7 
2 
5 
4 

1 
4 
5 
2 

8 

1 
1 
2 
2 
2 

1 
3 
1 
3 
5 

...... 

1 

8 

1 
1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

100         

101           

1 

1 

102           

4 
5 
6 

5 
3 
3 
2 

ItfJ         

1 

104         

1 

105       

3 
2 
1 
1 

100       



107 

I 

108           

2 
1 

109 

6          IS 

,. 

1 

110 

8 
5 
4 
3 
2 

4 
4 
3 
3 

Ill 

112    

1 
1 



1 

113 

lU    

1 

1 

115 

1 
3 

1 

...... 

1 

1 
2 

2 

110 

1 

117    

118    

2 

1 

119 

120 

1 

121 

1 

122 

123 

124 

125 

1 

126 

127 

128 

1 

129 

i 

"■ 

1 

] 

Cases  

50 

7.2 
107.4 

100.8 

86 
6.7 

74 
0.9 

49 

6.8 
107.2 

106.8 

36 

0.7 
106.7 

106.4 

20 

6.4 
104.8 

104.6 

17 

6.(» 
104.8 

104.8 

14 

ti.  5 

8 

3|      1 

2 

1 

Average    age 
(months  over  5 
years) 

Average  stature . . 

106.5  106.3 
106.2  105.0 

W>.  1 

Corrected     aver- 
ago  at  5  years  0 
months 

104.9 

1 1 

1 

JL 


ath.juth. 

— 

1 

1 

i     1 

1 

1 

THE    GROWTH    OF    TORONTO   CHILDREN. 


Statures  of  Toronto  boys.    Age,  6  years. 


1573 


stature  in  centi- 

Order of  birth. 

meters. 

1st. 

2d. 

,3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

6th. 

7th. 

8th. 

9th. 

10th. 

11th. 

12th.;13th. 

14th. 

m 

1 

sa 

1 

1 

97 

1 
1 

1 

98 

99 

2 

1 

1 

100 

1 

101 

1 

""2 
3 

4 
5 
3 
1 
5 

6 
5 
9 
3 
3 

7 
3 
3 
3 
1 

3 

i 

2 

1 

1 

1 

103 

3 
1 

1 

3 
3 
3 
4 
3 

13 
6 
6 
9 
6 

4 
4 
6 
2 
3 

1 
3 

.  ... 

103 

4 
3 

4 
4 
4 
9 
14 

10 
13 

n 

5 
9 

13 
6 
3 
4 
4 

\ 
3 

1 

3 

8 

9 
5 

10 

7 

11 

14 

9 

11 

a 

13 

15 
8 
6 
4 
4 

1 

3 
3 

7 

4 

7 

13 

7 

14 

11 

6 

8 
5 

5 
6 
4 
3 
3 

1 

104 

1 

3 

2 

} 

1 

1 
2 
3 

...... 

2 
...... 

...... 

2 

1 
...... 

1 
1 

4 

1 
1 

1 

105 

1 

106 



107 

...... 

3 

8 
4 

f 

1 
3 

2 
5 
3 

...... 

3 
3 
4 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

..... 

1 

108 

109 

1 

110 

Ill 

1 
3 

1 

113 

1 

113 

lU 

1 

1 

; 

115 

116 

1 

1 

117 

1 

1 

118 

...... 

1 
3 

1 

1 

1 

119 

1 

130 

i 

121 

1 
1 

1 

' 

123 

1 

1 

123 

1 

131 

.-.-.' 

125 

1 

1 

136 

1 

137 

1 

128 

129 

1 

CancB 

128 

6.5 
112.0 

111.8 

147 

6.2 
110.9 

110.8 

108 

6.3 
110.8 

110. 7 

85 

5.0 
111.3 

111.3 

67 

5.7 
111.1 

111.2 

36 

6.0 
110.7 

110.7 

31 

6.0 
109.8 

109. 8 

ti.3 
109.6 

109.5 

18 

7.1 
111.3 

110.7 

9 

7 

2 

3 

1 

Average  age 
(months  over  0 
years  

Average  stature- 
Corrected    aver- 
age at  6  years  0 
months 

:;:::i::::: 

1         1 

« 


■I 


1574 


EDUCATION   REPORT,  189G-97. 


Statures  of  Toronto  hoys.    Age,  7  years. 


I 


stature    in 

Order  of  birth. 

centimeters. 

l8t. 

2d. 

3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

0th. 

7th. 

8th. 

9th.  1 10th.  1  nth.  j  12th 

13th. 

14th. 

1(10 

1 

1 

104 

1 

1 

...... 

...... 

4 
4 

7 

3 

6 

6 

11 

10 

9 
7 
6 
5 
6 

1 

2 

1 

...... 

1 

U)') 

i 

1 
1 

1 

5 

3 

11 

10 

10 
12 
14 
10 
13 

13 

10 

12 

8 

7 

t 

i 
2 
2 
2 

...... 

O 

M 

4 
5 
7 
5 

12 
6 

8 
6 
7 

6 
13 
6 
5 
5 

4 
8 
1 
1 
•> 

IV 

1 

1 

' 

1 

KXl .. 

1 
4 
9 
8 
13 

.5 
23 
14 
l(i 
16 

16 
10 
13 
0 
10 

0 

4 

5 
2 

1 
3 

1 
1 
3 
3 
6 

4 
3 

5 
9 

4 
4 
6 

1 
3 

4 

2 
1 
1 

1 

1 

107 

1 
2 

1 

lOS 

1 

O 

10!)            

1 

110 

....„ 

7 

4 
3 
5 
2 
4 

4 
4 
6 
3 
4 

1 
3 

1 
1 

1 

4 
...... 

2 

3 

1 
5 
2 

3 
1 
3 
1 
3 

1 
I 

1 

2 
2 

1 
2 
1 
3 
4 

2 
2 

1 

111 

1 

1 

112 

1 
1 

3 
2 
1 

I 
3 

113 

...... 

1 

3 

3 

1 
1 

1 

lU 

115 

116 

117 

1 

lia 

119 

1 

120 

1 

121 

>>> 

123          

123 

1 
1 

.. 

1 

124 

12.5 

3 

12« 

127 

1 
1 

128 

8 

2 
•> 

120 



1 

130 

1 
1 

1 

131 

132 

133 

2 

1 

13-t 

];i5 

13(5 

137 

1 

Cases 

Average  age 
(months 
over  7 
years) 

Average  Stat 
nro 

Corrected 
average  at 
7  years  6 
months 

201 

5.9 
117.1 

117.1 

1112 

5.6 
116.8 

117.0 

119 

5.8 
116.6 

116.8 

94 

5.4 
110.5 

116.8 

64 

5.1 
115.9 

116.3 

58 

6.0 
117.0 

117.0 

37 

5.1 

116.5 

116,9 

23 

5.3 
115.9 

116.2 

17 

5.4 
115.2 

115. 5 

9 

5.0 
116.1 

116.3 

4 

3.5 

110.5 

3 

7.3 
116.0 

3 

2.3 
116.3 

3 

5.7 
117.7 

THE  GROWTH  OF  TOKONTO  CHILDREN. 


1575 


Staiures  of  Toronto  boys.    Age,  6'  years. 


l- 

I3th. 

I4th. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

i 

... 

1 

1 

7.3 

0.0 


J.  3 
116.3 


6.7 
117.7 


Stature  in  conti- 

Order  of  l)irth. 

anetcrs. 

1st. 

2a.     3d. 

5th. 

Cth.  1 

7th.     8th. 

9th.  10th.  nth.  12th.  1 

1 

3th.|l4th. 

01          

1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

04                       

101 

1 
1 

1 

105                       

i 
1 

1 

1         1         1 

100                                1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

107 

1 

1 
1 

1                          i 

108 

1 

1 

II,-             1 

109 

•> 

1 

i 

1 

8 

8 

9 

10 

14 

16 

21 
14 

14 
14 

8 

12 
8 

11 
9 
4 

? 

1 
1 

o" 

•> 
0 

7 

* 
11 

15 

18 
15 
11 
15 
14 

17 

10 

0 

3 

4 

1 

1 
1 
3 
6 
3 

6 
6 

8 
10 

8 

14 
9 
14 
10 
11 

8 
t 

3 
9 
3 

■■ 1 1 : ! 

110 

0 

1 

1 
1 

1 
3 
1 

1 
3 
0 

9 
3 

4 
3 
5 
4 
10 

4 
3 
3 

1 

1          1 

i                 1         ! 

111 

1 
1 

1 

1            1 

112 

113 

1 

3 
1 

5 

0 
5 

n 

0 

8 

5 

8 

10 

9 
0 

5 
9 
3 

1 


■"■3" 
4 

a 

I 
5 
4 

7 

5 

9 

1 
5 

1 
4 

5 
1 

1 
3 

......    j 

I  '         1                 1    ... 

1 ■ i 

114 

1 

....'    1 

! 

115 

0 
3 

4 

I 

1 

8 
1 
3 

3 

4 
•J 
•> 

3 

1 
2  i 
1 

i      1 

110 

1 
3 
3 
4 

4 
1 
2 

4 

1 
3 
1 

1      I      i 

117 

1  1 1 

118 

1      1 

119 

1 

1 

\      1      1 

120 

1      - 

5 :    3 
1 ;    1 

3  :     1 

1  1 

2  

■ 

121 

122 

123 

::;::    ! 

124 

3    i      1 

1     

125 

0  ' 

i  "1 

41 
1 

i 

120 

; 

127 

128 

12U         

•'      3 ' 

....".    1  :":: 
1 

1 

1            ! 

130 

1  5 
1       •> 

2  i       3 

4 ;     3 
1 1     2 

1      ! 

131 



1 

' :      1 

:           1 

132 

1         •> 

1         " 

1 

1  '■■ 

133 

3      2 

134 

1 

2 

i   ' 

1  1 ' 

135            .                   ' 

1 

.  '       i 

i                     1 

!          1 

130 

1 

i     3 

, 

1       1 

137 

1 

1 

i;j,s 

1 

139      .... 

1 

1 

140           

i 

1            1 
1 

'        !       ^       1       !       i 

141 

i     -  -, ' 

I                        \ 

;         ■         .         1         1         i 

112 

143 

1    1 

1              : 

1 

;       1  1 

1 

1 

144 

1 
1 

i              , 

1 

145 

I 

1 

i 

""*■ 

Cases 

A  V  0  r  a  B  0     a  (?  o 
(months  over  8 
yoar.s) 

Avernuo  stature.. 

Corroctod  aver- 
age! lit  8  years  0 
months 

210 

5.^ 

121.8 
122.  f 

;  188 

5.( 
12:J.C 

133.2 

159 

O.fl 
121.6 

121.(1 

Ill 

.5.7 
131.7 

131.8 

i      79 

i      5.8 
130,7 

j  130.8 

01 

i     5.4 
131.  H 

131.8 

01 
5.0 

131.0 
i  131.0 

35      31 

1 

5. 9     4.  ( 

;  1^ 

5  ,      6 

1 

1 

131.3110.4121.0 

1          i 

121.3,119.9  122.0 

1         1 

- 

i 

!■ 


)  i 


1576 


EDUCATION    REPORT,  1896-97. 
Statures  of  Toronto  hoys.    Aae,  9  yearn. 


Stature  in  centi- 
meters. 

Order  of  birth. 

Ist. 

2d. 

3d. 

4th. 

6th. 

6th. 

7th. 

8th. 

0th. 

10th. 

nth. 

12th. '  13th. 

1 
Ji:i 

1 

m 

1 

105 

](Hi 

1 



107     

. 

108 

1 

1 

1 

lOi) 

110  

1 

Ill 

iia   

1 

1 

1 

1 

113 

"'i' 

1 

1 

1 

n 

3 

6 
9 

g 
11 

12 

10 
15 
13 
16 
6 

11 

8 
9 
4 

8 

5 

4 

...... 

•3 

1 



114  

1 



115  

1 
2 
3 
2 

i 

4 
5 
6 
3 
5 

4 
6 
2 
6 
5 

7 
2 
0 
3 
4 

2 

1 

llfi  

2 
5 
4 
5 

0 
17 

6 
11 
19 

13 
15 
22 
19 
10 

21 

10 

13 

9 

8 

5 
5 
3 
4 
1 

1  2 

2   

3  3 
2          2 

4  « 



1 

117 

3 
3 

4 
2 
i 

6 

7 

10 
6 
4 
4 

1 

3 

5 
4 
2 

1 

2 
2 
2 

1 
2 
5 
4 
3 

3 
5 
3 
2 
2 

2 

3 
4 

1 
1 

1 
1 

2 
1 

1 

3 

1 

118 

1 
1 

2 
3 

119    

120    

1 

1 

121 

9 

5 

8 

12 

14 

10 

0 

0 

10 

8 
6 
4 
11 
2 

1 
3 

1 
3 

6 
7 
9 

7 

13 
5 
6 
0 

7 

4 

7 
4 
5 
3 

6 
2 

1 
1 

122 

4 

1 

1 

123 

1 
1 

4 
2 
2 
1 

2 
3 
4 
2 

124     

125 

1 

126 

1 
3 

127 

1 

1 

128               .      .. 

i 

2;    1 

1 

129 

1 



130 

6 
4 

O 

1 

1 
1 
2 

131     . 

132 

2 

133 

134 

1       .  . 

135 

.- . 

l;«i 

1 

137 

1 

1 

138 

i 

139 

1 

140 

1 

i 

141 

1 
1 

1 

::::':i:::::: 

142 

143 

1 

144 

1 

14,5 

1 
1 

1 

140 

1 

1 

1 

147 

1 

148 

1 

1 

149 

1...::: 

150 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Cases    

240  j    180 

5.8       0.2 

127.0  120.1 

127.1  lain 

137 

5.6 
128.5 

12<1.7 

113 

5.7 
126.0 

126.7 

87         71 

4« 

6.0 
125.7 

125. 7 

36 

5.3 
126.7 

127.0 

25 

6.4 
126.6 

125. 4 

15 

5.5 
125.4 

125.0 

6 

2      2 

Average    age 
(months  over  9 
years) 

Average  stature . . . 

Corrected  average 
for    9    years,  6 
months    

0.1 
125.4 

125. 4 

5.6 
125.4 

125. 0 

i 

1 

i.'lSth. 

1 

... 

.... 

1 

.... 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

'[.'.'.'.'.'. 

1 

....  1 

1 

2           3 

1 

1 

THE    GROVV^TH    OF    TORONTO    CHILDREN. 

Statures  of  Toronto  boys.     Aye,  Jo  years. 


1577 


stature  in  centi- 

Order of  birth. 

meters. 

Ist. 

3d. 

3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

6th. 

7th. 

8th. 

9th. 

10th. 

nth.  ISth.j 

13th. 

1.5th. 

107     

1 

114 

1 
3 



115   

1 

1 

1 

116 

117 

1 
...... 

1 
....„ 

2 

6 

5 

7 

11 

10 

9 

11 
9 

7 
8 
8 

9 
3 
« 
3 

1 

5 
6 
1 

1 
1 
1 

2 
o 

7 
1 
6 

4 
6 
2 

ll 

7 

7 

9 

13 

14 

7 
7 
5 
7 
."> 

1 
3 

1 

...... 

1 
3 
3 
2 
3 

9 

I 

1 

4 

10 
4 
5 

13 

7 
4 
6 
...... 

5 
2 
3 
1 
1 

1 
1 

3 
2 
3 
1 
2 

3 

1 
4 
3 
4 

8 

13 
7 
1 
4 

7 
3 
3 
2 

T 

o 

3 



1 

1 

118 

1 
1 

3 
3 

7 
7 
6 

10 
8 

11 
8 

13 

19 
10 
18 
12 

14 

1.5 

6 

7 
2 

6 
5 
.5 

119 

3 

O 

1 

120 

1 
1 

1 

131    

123    

...... 

0 

3 
3 
3 
3 
3 

6 
7 

3 

7 

6 
5 
3 
1 
2 

1 
3 

3 

3 
3 

O 

1 
3 

3 

3 

»v 
•> 

.3 

1 
4 
3 
3 

123     

3 
3 

2 
1 

124    

1 
1 

1 

125 

1 

126 

1 
3 
3 
3 

2 
3 
3 

1 
3 

3 
3 

1 

127     

128            

1 

1 

1 
3 
3 

2 

1 

129 

1;K)  

..... 

2 

1 

131 

2 

133 

1 

133 

1 

1 

134 

1 

9 

1 

1,35. 

....      .... 

..... 

1 

2 

1 

13(i 

1,{7 

i;w 

139    

3 

1 

140 

1 
1 

1 
1 

141 

1 



143    

1 

143    

3 

3 

144    

4 

1 
1 

1       2 

i 

145    

146 

3 

1 
1 
1 

1 
1 



147 

148    ..  . 

1 

' 

149 

1 

1 

Ca.ses 

313 

5.9 
131.2 

131.2 

• 

145 

5.8 
131.9 

132.0 

140 

5.8 
131.3 

131.4 

113 

5.6 
130.8 

130.9 

83 

fi.n 

130.7 
130.7 

75 

5.6 
131.8 

131.9 

44 

5.8 
130.7 

130.8 

34 

.").2 
129.5 

129.8 

19  1    10 

.5.7|    6.8 

13().0ll20.7 

1 

1 

1 
131.0:i2».4 

t 

3 

2 

2 

Average     m^a 
(months  over  10 
years) 

Averaf>fe  stature  . . 

Corrected  average 
for    10    years,  6 
months 

1 

1 

1 

1) 


, 


1578 


EDUCATION   REPORT,  1896-97. 


StatiD'cs  of  Toronto  hoys.     Aye,  11  years. 


i 

li 


Wtuturo  in  coiiti- 

Order  of  birth. 

motors. 

1st. 

2d. 

Sd. 

4tli.! 

1 

5th. 

6th. 

7th.  j  8th.  9th.' 

10th. 
1 

nth. 

12th. 

13th.j 

14th. 

17th. 

115 

i         1         i         1 

11«                             ' 

1 

111' 

1 

117 

1 
1 

!"""'    I'""'    l"'"    1""    ' 

i 

118 

i 

1 

ll'J 

1 

.         1              '              ' 

.            1 

12<) 

1 
2 
1 
1 

5 

4 
f 

'I 

1 

8 

10 

11 

9 

13 

11 

8 

8 

r. 

1 

« 

1 

3 

W 

5 
» 

3 

1 
1 

1 

' 

1              1              i 

1 
1 

1:J1 

...... 

1 
4 
4 
5 
6 

0 

10 

6 

3 

12 

10 
8 

r* 

10 
5 

12 
9 
8 
4 

5 

1 

1 

..... 

3 
3 

3 
3 

"0" 
0 

8 
0 
5 
7 
11 

9 
4 
4 
11 
5 

1" 
1 

i 

4 

3 

3 

3 
1 
3 

1 

I              ■              J              1 

laa     

i  i     i      i 

.    .  '. 

I                         * 

ia3 

3 

1 

0 
*> 

5 
4 
5 

8 
3 

3 
5 
9 

7 
13 
3 
7 
4 

8 
6 
3 
0 

1 

3 



4 

1 

1 

.       ..  . 

124         

1 
0 

1 

. 

... 

1 

105 

1 
1 

1 

VM     

3 

127  

1 
5 
3 

7 
1 
6 
0 
5 

3 

10 
3 
5 

5 

3 

8 

5 

5 
» 

3 

1 



■  "■ 

ISH         

3 

s 

s 
I 

3 

1 
3 

2 

1 
1 
4 
6 

1  I 

1 

1 

129 

130        

1 

3 

1 
3 
3 

1:{1 

1 
3 
1 

1 

1 

133 

1 

i;}3.. 

134 

■'"3" 



' 





135 

1 
1 

' 

1 

13(1 

3  i      1 
3        3 

3 

•2 

1 

1 
1 
3 

1 

3 

..... 

1 

137 

liJ8        

4 

3 
5 
3 
1 
3 

3 

3 

8 

3 

..... 

llfj :... 

1 

1 

140 

1 

1 

1 

141 

1 

..... 

1 

14:! 

m 

144 

1 
1 

1 

--- 

1 

i 

1 

1    

1    

1 

1 

1 

145 

i 

140 



3 

1 

1 

147 



1 
1 

0 





1 

1 

1 

148 

' 

1 

149 

1 

1 

150 

1 
1 
1 



1 

i 

1 

151 

1            :            '       .   1 

.  ..'..     . 

152 

1                     ! 

' 

1 

15:j 

•> 

1 

1 

154 

1 

1 

1   _   __ 

155 

1 

1 

15)1 

1 

t 

1 

157 

' 

LW 

1 

t 

1«4 

1 

1 

1 

"  38 

5.4 
13.5.2 

135.4 

10 

5.1 
131.1 

134.4 



11 

4.4 
i;J5.1l 

13i!.  5 

1 

CaHos 

it    i 

5.  (1 

m.o 

lltt.8 

150 

»., 

130.1 
130.2 

135 

5.0 
la-).  5 

I.T..  7 

109 

5.5 
1IM.9 

1*).  1 

80 

5.0 
i:J5.6 

135.  7 

71       39 

i 

n.o'   4.8 

LV).  1130.0 

1!15. 1  i:jo.  ft 

•    0 

4 

3 

1 

1 

A  V  0  r  a  K  0  a  K  fi 
(months  over  11 
yciirH) 

Avoi'nKo  statnro. . . 

Corrected  uvorago 
for   11    years,   (1 
niontliM 



1 

3th  J 1 

i 

4th.  1 

7th. 

1 

1 

1 

i 

' 

i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

■ 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

1 



1 



1 



1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

.1  .... 

"1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

THE    GROWTH   OF   TORONTO   CHILDREN. 
Statures  of  Toronto  boys.    Age,  12  years. 


1579 


stature  in  centi- 

Order  of  birth. 

metera. 

1st. 

3d. 

3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

0th. 

7th. 

8th. 

9th. 

10th.  11th. 

13th. 

14th. 

lor 

1 

1 

1 

119 

1 

1 

1 

130 

1 

1 

121 

1 

1 

133 

1 
1 

1 

3 

1 

»> 

3 
4 

3 
3 
5 
ft 

t 

t 

4 

4 

15 

12 

11 

10 

9 

7 
7 

4 
7 
9 
3 
3 

8 



123 

1 

1 

124 

1 

...... 

1 
...... 

3 
1 
3 
4 
3 

5 

8 
3 

9 

i« 

11 
9 

11 
9 

13 

r. 

1 

8 
1 

1 
» 

3 

1 

1 

"1 

3 
4 

5 
5 

7 

3 

8 

I 

6 
10 

t 

5 
9 

4 

9 
0 
5 
3 
2 

5 



1 

125 

1 

1 
1 
2 

1 

3 

1 

120 

...... 

1 

3 
1 
5 
2 
4 

4 

6 

11 

7 

1 

0 
3 

O 

5 
4 
4 
5 

1 

3 

1 
1 

1 





' 1 

127 

•> 

M 

4 
1 

1 

128 

•> 

i 
1 

i 
3 

1 

1 

0 

3 
1 
1 

1 
3 
3 
1 
3 

129 



130 

131 

...... 

1 
1 

3 
3 

1 

""d 
0 

*> 

132 

3 

1;J3 

^1 

1 

134 

1 

3 
4 
3 
4 

1 

3 
3 
5 
3 
1 

1 

'"'3' 

*> 

M 

1 

1 
1 
1 

1 

3 
4 

6 
3 

7 

0 
4 
1 
2 
3 

3 
3 

1 
3 
0 

3 

i 

1 

5 

5 
a 

5 
4 

0 

i 
5 
3 
3 

i 
3 

1 
1 

1 

"  "i" 

ia"i 

1 

136 

137 

....„ 

3 

1 
1 
3 

1 

1 

138 

139 

1 

140 

1 

141 

1 

1 

3 

142              

143 

144 

3 

145 

140 

147 

148 

•> 

1 

0' 

1 

1 

149 

150....             

151 

".'.'.'.'. 



152              

15;i               

o 

1 

O 

M 

1 
1 

1 

151 

1 

1 
1 

•  > 

1 
3 

1 

155 

0 

M 

1 

1 

150 

1 

1 

157 

1 

158             ..  . 

1     1 

159 

1 

1 

1     1 

160 

1 

1     1 



...... ^.•....  ----.. 

Ca.so3 

173 

139.9 
139.9 

Ml 

0.  7 
141.1 

111.2 

129 

5.8 
140.3 

140.3 

89 

5.3 
139.3 

139.6 

48 

0.4 

140.0 

140.4 

64 

0.0 
li».7 

139.7 

54 
o.a 

139.1 
139.0 

32 

4.7 
137.9 

138.5 

19 

5. 4 
liiU.O 

IIW.O 

10 

4.8 
IJ.O.O 

111.1 

6 

5 

1 

A  V  c  r  iv  g  0      a  (?  0 
(months  over  J.'i 

AvornK<'HtHturo... 

Correcrod  avorago 

for   12   years,  (1 

__ 



I 


1' 


li 


1580 


ill 


EDUCATION   REPORT,  1896-97. 
Statures  of  Toronto  hoys.    Age,  13  years. 


stature  in  centi- 

Order of  birth. 

meters. 

1st. 

3d. 

3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

6th. 

7th. 

8tb. 

9th. 

10th. 

nth. 

12th. 

13th. 

14th. 

78    

1 

135 



3:>0                     

1 

1^7 

V>J& 

1 

1 

1 

1 

129 

IIJO    

1 
4 



1 

1 

O 

3 

131 

1 
1 

1:13 

3 
....„ 

3 
5 
3 

1 
6 

8 
3 
4 
5 
6 

9 
4 
4 
6 
3 

6 
8 
6 
6 
1 

1 
3 

1 
t 
1 

1 
1 



....„ 

5 
3 
4 
1 
3 

7 
3 
4 
2 

t> 

9 
3 
6 
6 
4 

3 

1 

...... 

1 

3 
1 
...... 

1 

1 
1 
1 

3 
3 
4 
5 
3 

4 

8 
3 

1 
3 

7 
6 
4 
4 
3 

3 
1 
1 
3 
3 

3 
2 

1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

i;}3 

1 

O 

1 
9 
0 
5 
3 

1 

15 
6 

15 

r* 
1 

9 
6 
9 

10 
4 
5 
3 
4 

8 
3 

1 

1 
3 

i;u 

1 

1:35  

3 
1 
1 
3 

4 
3 

f 

3 

3 
4 

1 

"i" 

1 

4 

3 

1 
3 

1 

1 
1 
2 
3 
3 

3 
3 
6 
1 
3 

1 

1 

3 

3 
3 

6 

i:jG  

1 

3 

137   

...... 

1 

1 

4 

...... 

2 

1 

138    

1 

1 

139 

1 
1 
1 
3 

140 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

141 

143 

1 
1 

1 

1 

143 

144 

145 

3 

1 

1 

i 

146 

1 
1 

147   

3 

148 

3 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 

149   

1 

150     

151          

1 

1 

1 

153       

1 
1 
1 

3 

1 
...... 

3 
3 

1 

1      " 

153 

1 

154 



155 

1 

156    

157    

2 

1 

158     

3 
1 

1 

159       

1 

1 

KiO             

1 

1 

161    . 

1 
1 

1 

163 

1 

1 
1 

1 

163 

1 
1 

1 

164   

3 

165 

106 

167 

1 

1 

168 

169 

1 

170 

3 

Cases 

Average  ago 
(months  over  13 
years) 

Average  stature.. 

Corrected  avoi-- 
Bge  for  13  years 
6  months 

158 

5.  J 
146.0 

146.1 

130 

5.7 
14<1.3 

14*1.5 

84 

5.1) 
144.0 

144.1 

80 

5.7 
145.1 

146.3 

45 

5.5 
146.3 

145.6 

49 

5.4 
1 W.  7 

144.0 

25 

6.3 
143.3 

143.1 

3:) 

5. 3 
1441.8 

147.3 

13 

4.8 
145. 7 

9 

4 

3 

2 

1 

1 

146.3 

1 

latiii 

tth. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i  :::::i    . 

1 

i 

1       

::     - 

3      a 

1 

--     

THE    GROWTH   OP   TORONTO   CHILDREN. 


Statures  of  Toronto  hoys.    Age,  14  years. 


1581 


1 

stature  in  centimeters. 

1 

Order  of  birth. 

1st. 

2d. 

3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

0th. 

7th. 

8th.  j 

9th. 

10th. 

11th. 

130                                              

131 

1 

133 

1 

1 

13!} 

..  .    1 

124 ' 

1 

135.... 

1 

1 

13fi 

1 

137  .  ..           

138                                                 .  . 

130  ..  .                                     ..  . 

la)..,. 

...    . 

1 

131 

1 

1 

i:j3 

1 

1 

i 

1*} 

1 

1 

134  

135                              .... 

1 
2 

1 
1 
1 

2 
2 

1 
1 

1 

13(5           ..           

...... 

1 

1 

1 
8 
3 
3 

2 
5 
4 
3 
2 

7 
4 
4 
4 
6 

5 
3 

3 
3 

1 

....„ 
1 

1 

1 

1 

1 
...... 

3 
1 

13" .. 

1 

1 

1 

1!)8 

1 

...... 

3 
2 
4 

4 
4 
2 

0 

1 

7 
1 
6 
8 
4 

2 

1 
4 

1 
8 

2 
3 

2 

1 

1 
1 

3 

1 

139 

1 

140 

1 
7 

141  

1 

1  ._.. 

, 

143          

1 

143     

1 

1 

5 
3 
3 

7 
2 

7 
8 
6 
8 
8 

5 
2 
1 
2 
8 

4 
8 
2 
2 
1 

1 

2 

1 

3 
...... 

3 
1 

2 

2 

2 
3 
5 
5 
4 

3 

1 
1 

2 
...... 

1 

1 
1 
2 

1 

144      

...... 

1 
1 
1 

1 
1 
2 



2 

1 

1 

145 

1 

14« 

1 

147 

U8  

" 

149 

1 

1 

\m     

151 

1 
3 
1 

162 

168 

1 
4 

1 

4 

...... 

1 
....„ 

...... 

2 

1 

2 

8 

1 

...... 

2 

1 
2 

164 

8 

1 

""  "V 

1 

1 
2 

165 

1 

1 

166      

1 

167  

168        

1 

ISO        

8 

1 
2 

...... 

2 

1 

1 

1 
1 

I 

leo 

1 



Ml 

ifla 

I 
1 
1 

188 

1 

1 

... 

164 

105 

' 

m\ 

1 

1 

1(!7     

1 

' 

11(8        

1 

109 

3 

1 

1 

170     

1 

1 

171 

1 

178 

1 

173 

1 
1 

1 

::::::i'":"" 

1 

174 

1 

175 

170 

1 

1 

177  

178 

1 

1 

179.:.:::.::::....:.: 

:::::::. :::i:::::: 

1 

Cases    

60 

5.8 
151.0 

152.0 

70 

4.7 
150.8 

151.0 

70 

4.5 
151.1 

162.0 

44 

4.0 

150.8 

151.7 

62 

5.3 
140.4 

150. 1 

28 

0.1 
150. 4 

160.3 

18 

7.0 
151.0 

160.0 

13 

3.H 
149. 7 

151.0 

0          2           2 

Avoriiue  ago  (months  over  14 

yeiirs) 

A  VGriiflPo  Htjittirii 

1 
--■■"■■| ■ 

Corrected  average  for  14  years 
0  mouths 

1           1 

m 


1582 


EDUCATION   REPORT,  189G-07. 
Statures  of  Toronto  hoys.     Aye,  lo  years. 


Statiiro  in  ccntinjeters. 

Ordei-  of  birth. 

1st. 
1 

2d. 

3d. 

4th.  1  5th. 

Cth. 


7th. 

8th.  ]  9th. 

10th. 

11th. 

13th. 

134            

1 

];i7                      

1 
1 

1 

1 

139 ,           

1 

140 

1 



1 

j 

141 

•^ 



llli                                

1 

14,j                              

i 

1 



. 

144 

1  1 

145 

1 
1 

1 

14(1            

1 
1 

1 

1  1       3 

1 

::::::     i 

14" 

1 

1 

14H              

1          1 

" 

1 

149 

■>. 

.    ..      :. 

1 

1 

150             

1          3 

1 

1 

1 
1 

151     .                          

o 

IJ 

3 
1 

o 

(^ 
o 

i 

15:i              

""2 

1 
...... 

1 

1 
•> 

.V 
•> 

.V 

1 

1 

...... 

1 

1 

»> 
O 

1 

15:1                            

•  > 

3 

*> 

3 

1 
1 

1 

151 

■ 

155 

1 

o 

15<1    

1 

15" 

i 

3 

3 

15H 

3 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

159 

im 

1 
1 

...... 

1 

101 

KW 

1 

*> 

»> 

M 

1 
1 
1 

]«{ 

104              

;} 

3 
3 

;j 
1 
1 

i 

Ifi5 

1 

1 

urn 

1 

iii" 

1 
1 

KiH 

i 

1 

1 

' 

1 

161) 

1 



170         

1 

in 

. 

.... 

173 



3 

1 

1       1 

1 

17;l       



174 

1 

1 

175.. 

1 

1 

17((                           

1 

1 

1 
i 

177 

: 

1 

1 

178 

...1     !           _    _ 



1 

1 

179 

1 

1 

180 

1 

1 

187 

1 

1 

1 

I 

Cftsofl 

53 

5.0 
157.1 

157.6 

33 

4.4 

\m.  8 

157. 5 

34 
5.0 

38 
5.1 

30 

5.8 
157.7 

157.8 

0 

9 

7 

3 

•> 

3 

1 

Avoriigo    iigo    (months 
over  1 5  yonrs) 

Avonigo  Htaturo 

154.0   1.50.4 
15.4. 4   1.50.8 

1 



Corrected  avcrnKO  iov  15 
vi'iu'H  (1  months 

100. 
101. 
103 

io:t. 

104. 

105 

lOlt. 

107 

lOH. 
109. 

110. 
111. 
113. 
113. 
114. 


Ith.jllith. 

1 

1 

1 





1 



■ 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1... 



1 

1 
1 

' 

! 

t 

a 

1 



J 

1 

THE    GROWTH    OF   TORONTO   CHILDREX. 


1583 


statures  of  Toronto  hoys. 

Age 

,  IG  years. 

stature  in  centimeters. 

Order  of  hirth. 

l.st. 

3d. 

M.      4th. 

5th. 

Oth. 

7th. 
1 

8th. 

10th. 

11th. 

13th. 

138 

1 

13(>                         .            

1 

1 

1 

141                 

1 

1           1 

1 

150  .        .                              

..1 

1 

1 

1 

151                                                    ...' 

1 

1 

l,-)3  

1 

1 

i 

1 

1           1 

15:! 

i 

1           \           1 

15t       

1 

1 

"'"I          1           1           1 

3 

1 
3 

1           1           1 

IM      

1 

1.57        

i 

1 

158            

1 

1           i 

1          \ 

150                

1        .J 

1 

; 

i 

liiO                     .                    

3 

1 

1 

Ifll   

i 

"r"  " 

1 

l(!;j 

1 

1 
1 



1 

1 

ms 1 

...  .  1 

1 

1 

ItU          1 

1 

1 1 



.  .    1 

1  1 

1 

i 

l(J»i          .      ...              

1 

1 

■ 

1 

1 



1 

l(ii(                ...           1 

1 





lOil         1 

1 

1            : 

1 

1 

170 ! 

j            1 

iL_..., 

1         1 

171 1 

1 
1 

.....    ......  ...... 

1 

173                

1 

1 

17!) 

1 

174               

1 

175                  

1 

1 

17« 

1  ■■  " 

i 

1 

177 

1 

1 

1 

178 

i 

1 

1 

179 

1 

i   

1 

, 

1 

1 

. 

Cases    

8 

5.6 
157.6 

157.7 

10 

6.2 
158.5 

158.8 

8 

3 

o 

»> 

4 

3 

1 

1 

1 

Average  age  (mouths  over  10 
years)  .     . 

Average  stature 

.  ...  1 

i   .    .. 

Corrected  average  for  16  years 
6  months 

■ 

1 

1 

_ 

1 

Stuttirtt-^f  Toronto  girls.    Age,  .'^  years. 


! 
Stature  in  centimeters. 

\ 

^~                    Order  of  birth. 

1st. 

2d. 

3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

Oth. 

7th. 

8th. 

Oth. 

m 

1 

01 



::::::::!.. ..' 

1              1 

113 

1 

oa              

1 

3             1 

1 

1 

1 


lU 

3 

■""""I I,"" 

!C,     t     

3 
1 

i" 

1 

3 

3 

1 

IMI  ' 

3 
3 



1 

117      1 

« 

1 
3 

1 

1 
3 
1 

iiH 3 

Itll 

2   

1 

1 
3 

i 

100 

o 

3 
3 

1 
3 



0 
3 

3' 

•J 

3 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

101 

103 

5 

1 

1 
1 
1 
1 

3    

1    

103       

1 

1 

101 

105 

1             1 

1    

lOll     

tl    1 

1 

107 

1 

1    

10H 

1 

1 

101) 

1 

1 

1 

110 

.    .1 

111... 

1 
1 

1 

118 

113... 

114 



5 

7 

CllHl>S 

33 

■" 

10 

0 

13 

0 

« 

1584 


EDUCATION   REPORT,  1896-97. 


Statures  of  Toronto  girls.    Age,  5  years. 


stature,  in  centi- 

Order  of  birth. 

metfirs. 

1st. 

2d. 

3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

Cth. 

7th. 

8th. 

9th. 

10th. 

ilth. 

12th. 

13th. 

19th. 

K">          

80            

87          

1 

88 .   . 

89                   

00 

91                     

1 

92 

93                         

1 

91            



05 

1 

"  "l 
1 
2 
3 

0 
0 
3 
9 
0 

6 

8 
7 
2 
2 

4 
4 
1 

1 

96 

1 
...... 

3 

3 
2 
4 
6 

4 

3 
1 
5 
4 
3 

2 
...... 

*> 

...... 

3 

1 

3 

2 
2 

2 

1 

97                 

98 

1 
1 

5 
6 
2 

8 
4 

5 
9 
3 
4 
5 

7 
2 
4 
5 
3 

3 
3 

3 
4 

10 
4 

12 

7 
6 
3 
5 
6 

3 
7 
3 
3 
1 

1 
1 

1 
3 

2 
....„ 

2 

1 

99         

100    

...... 

2 
1 

1 

1 
2 

101    

102       

2 

1 

103       

2 

2 

1 
1 

"  "  ""  * 

104        

2 

2 

1 

3 

...... 

1 
1 
1 

1 
1 

3 
3 
3 
1 
2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

...  1 

ia5     

106       

2 

1 

...... 

107 

1 

108    

109           

1 

! 

1 

110 

Ill 

i 
1 

1 

112 

1 

■    1 

113   

1 

114    

....1    ..   . 

115     

...... 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

110     

117            

1 

118          

1 

1 

119 

120 

121 

1 

Cases 

Avorago    ago 
(months  over  5 
years) 

74 

0.1 
ir»fl,5 

100.5 

86 

7.0 
105.8 

105.4 

77 

0.5 
104.2 

lOt.O 

54 

6.3 
104.7 

104.6 

35 

5.8 
104. 1 

1(W.2 

32 
6.2 

io;j.4 

103.3 

13 

7.3 
105.(1 

ia5.o 

10 

5.7 
103.0 

103.1 

10 

7.1 
104.4 

103.9 

5 

2 

1 

1 

1 

Average  stature  . 

Corrected  aver- 
ago  for  5  years  0 
months 



120. 
121. 
122. 
123. 
124. 
126. 


■|  1 
'I 


h.!i 

LOth. 

-- 

.... 

.  ... 

1 

... 

1 

j..... 

1 

I 

"  r      * 

THE    GROWTH    OF    TORONTO   CHILDREN. 

Statures  of  Toronto  girls.    Age,  6  years. 


1585 


stature,  in  centimeters. 

Order  of  birth. 

Ist. 

2d. 

3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

6th. 

7th. 

8th. 

9th. 

10th. 

nth. 

13th. 

j)5                    

1 

96              

97                             

1 

1 

("M 

1 

""2 

1 

1 

99 

100 

1 

1 
3 
6 

3 
9 
6 
9 
13 

11 

8 

11 

? 

8 
5 

7 

1 
1 

1 

1 

101 

...... 

3 
6 

5 
6 
8 
4 
6 

13 
5 
9 

15 

9 

12 
5 
3 
5 
3 

2 

3 
5 
3 
3 

4 

3 

3 

12 

4 

6 

8 
7 
7 
5 

2 
2 

2 
2 

1 

2 

1 

4 

...... 

6 
3 
6 
4 
3 

6 
4 
7 
3 
4 

3 
3 
3 
4 

2 
2 

1 

102 

...... 

1 

1 
3 
6 
6 

3 

7 
6 
8 
3 
2 

3 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 
1 
5 
2 
2 

6 
3 

"T 
1 

3 
2 
3 

103 

1 
1 

...... 

3 
1 

104 

1 

1 
1 
3 
3 
3 

3 
4 

1 
3 
3 

3 
1 
1 

3 

1 
..... 

...... 

3 

1 

i 

1 

1 

1 
1 
2 

1 

105                 

106 

1 

107                   

108                    

109 

110 

111                        

""2" 

1 

1 

1 
...... 

113     

1 
1 

113     

114 

115                    

1 

116                             

1 
1 

117                    

1 
1 
1 

1 

118                             .    .      . 

119 

1 

120                     

121                                

1 

1 

123                      

1 

...... 

1 
1 

1 

123 

124                                

4 

125 

1 

Cases 

125 

6.4 
110.9 

110.7 

130 

6.2 
111.2 

111.1 

87 

5.5 

109.7 

109.9 

67 

6.0 
110.1 

110.1 

53 

6.4 
110.1 

109.9 

31 

6.2 
110.6 

110.5 

31 

5.6 
108.9 

109.1 

17 

6.0 
110.5 

110.5 

12 

6.7 
108.7 

108.4 

10 

6.6 
110.3 

109.9 

3 

4.7 
110.3 

110.9 

1 

Average  age  (months 

overU  years) 

Average  stature 

Corrected  average  for  6 
years  6  months 

ED  97 100 


T 


1586 


M 


EDUCATION   REPORT,  1896-97. 


Statures  of  Toronto  girls.    Age,  7  years. 


Stature,  in  centi- 

Order of  birth. 

meters. 

1st. 

2d. 

3d. 

4th 

5th. 

6th. 

7th. 

8th. 

9th. 

10th. 

11th. 

12th.  13th.jl4th. 

16th. 

100    

101      

loa        

1 



1 

103         

3 

1 

101 

3 

4 
1 
3 
4 
1 

9 

6 

12 

7 
11 

14 
12 
17 
9 
10 

9 
5 
3 
3 

5 

2 
3 

1 

3 
1 

2 
4 

7 

2 

ii 

7 
4 
5 

7 
14 

9 
12 

8 
5 
4 

1 
3 

1 

2 

2 

1 
3 

1 

ia5        

1 
1 
1 
3 

I 

8 
15 

7 

15 

9 

15 
13 

8 
10 

7 

12 
It 

7 
5 
4 

1 
3 

1 

4 

1 

1 

100 

1 

107                           .    . 

1 

1 

7 
3 

5 
5 

7 

6 
9 
7 
4 
10 

4 
7 
4 

(> 

3 

1 
2 
1 
1 

108         

1 



1 
1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

109  

4 

1 
5 
3 

•> 

6 

10 
3 

"3" 

3 
4 
4 
3 
1 

..... 

1 

2 
..... 

5 
3 

3 

"4 

3 



3 

(> 

»V 
*> 

1 

I 
I 
1 

3 
1 

110  

3 

1 

Ill  

2 
..... 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 

iia    

113  

4 
4 

1 

1 
8 
3 

1 

3 
1 
1 
3 
1 

1 

1 

1 

3 
..  .. 

1 
1 

1 
3 

lU 

115  

1 
..... 

llti  

1 

'"  i 

3 

1 

1 
1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

117 

118 

" 

1 

119 

1 

120 

121 

122 

123 

124 

125 

1 

1 

126 

127 

128 

1 

129 

1 

1 

130 

1 
1 



1 



131 

1 

132 

133 

1 

134 

Cases 

189 

0.0 
116.3 

110.3 

156 

fl.O 
115.7 

115.7 

117 

5.9 
115.9 

115.9 

95 

C.4 
116.5 

116.3 

59 

6.4 
115.7 

115.5 

38 

0.4 
115.9 

115.7 

39 

r.2 

116.2 
115.7 

21 

5.3 
110.4 

110.7 

10 

4.1 
117.9 

118.7 

11 

5  6 

9 
0  9 

3 

8.5 
123.5 

122.5 

1 

0.0 
116.0 

1 

4.0 
111.0 

1 

Av  orago      ago 
(months     over    7 
years)... 

6.0 

Average  stature 

Corrected    average 
for    7    years    0 
months 

114.3 
114.5 

111.7 
111,3 

118.0 

:  W^' 


k 


T 


] 

.... 

1 

.... 



1 

4.0 
11.0 

1 

6.0 
118.0 

THE   GROWTH   OF   TORONTO   CHILDREN. 

Statures  of  Toronto  girls.    Age,  8  years. 


1587 


stature  in  conti- 

Order  of  birth. 

meters. 

1st. 

2d. 

3d. 

4tli. 

5th. 

6th. 

7th. 

8th. 

9th. 

10th. 

nth. 

13th. 

I3th. 

Uth. 

102 

1 

t 

103 

1 

104 

105 

1 

1 

lOtt 

1 

107 

1 

1 

108 

3 
1 

1 
3 
3 

1 

3 
...... 

5 
3 

6 
13 

8 
8 
9 

16 

9 

15 

7 
7 

t 
4 

7 

1 

1 
1 

1 
3 

3 
3 
3 

3 

8 
10 
1 
5 
0 

a 

13 

8 
4 

7 

6 
9 
0 
4 

4 

3 

109 

1 

....„ 

3 

5 

6 
6 
4 

8 

7 

10 
9 
8 
6 
4 

4 
4 
6 
4 
1 

1 

1 
3 
1 
5 
3 

3 
7 
3 
4 
5 

3 
6 
7 
5 
4 

5 
4 
1 
3 

1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

110 

111 

1 
2 
2 

3 
1 

4 
9 
4 

3 

3 
4 

3 
....„ 

1 
3 

1 

' 

113 

...... 

3 

3 
3 
4 
4 

3 
1 

3 



4 

113 



114          

8 

5 
5 
5 
6 
10 

23 
11 
9 
13 
15 

10 
15 

(') 

7 

o 

M 

7 

O 

4 

1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

»> 

1 

115 

..... 

1 
3 

116 

117 

i 

118 

*> 

110 

1 

•> 

4 
1 
1 

1 

1 

120 

3 
3 
5 
1 

i 

1 
3 

""3" 
3 

•V 

0 

3 

"3' 
4 
3 

1 

121 

! 

122 , 

1^ 

..           1 

124 

125 

1 

126 

127 

1 

128 

1 

129 

1 
1 

1 

130 

131 

132 

1 

...... 

1 

133 

1 

134 

1 

1 

1 

1 

135 

136 

1 

137 

1 

1 

138 

139 

140 

1 

1 

Cases  

177 
5.8 

I2:i.  1 

123.1 

141 

5.9 
130.2 

120.2 

135 

5.7 
l;i0.8 

130.9 

101 

6.0 
120.5 

120.5 

77 

5.2 
119.8 

120.1 

40 

4.8 
119.9 

130.4 

47 

5.2 

i;ju.  7 
131.0 

5.8 
120.  S 

120.(1 

5.3 
119.5 

119.8 

17 

C.2 
120.4 

130.3 

5 

3.0 
115.2 

1 

3.0 
119.0 

1 

4.0 
114.0 

1 

Average    ago 
(months  over  8 
years) 

7.0 

Average  stature . . 

Corrected  average 

for    8    years   6 

117.0 

^1 


m 


r 


.1 


1588 


■I  ' 


m 


EDUCATION   REPORT,  1896-97.     . 
Statures  of  Toronto  girls.    Age,  9  years. 


stature   in  centi- 

Order of  hirth. 

meters. 

Ist. 

2d. 

3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

6th. 

7th. 

8th. 

9th. 

10th. 

11th. 

12th. 

13th. 

95  

1 

Ktt 

1 

108 

107 

108 

1 

109 

i 

110 

1 

Ill      

1 

112       

1 

1 

1 

1 

11.3 

1 

1 

1 

3 
1 
3 

1 
9 

4 

4 

8 

11 

7 

6 

4 

13 

11 

3 

8 

10 

4 

...... 

1 
...... 

2 

1 

1 

...... 

4 
2 
5 

7 
4 
9 
4 
5 

7 

10 
8 
6 
3 

4 
5 
3 
1 
3 

1 

1 
2 

114 

1 

1 

1 
3 
2 
5 

4 
5 
4 
5 
6 

9 

4 

4 

11 

1 

5 
2 
3 
3 

1 

115 

6 

1 
2 
6 
3 

13 
10 
11 
13 
16 

22 
16 
IS 
11 
16 

16 

10 

9 

i 

4 

6 
2 
3 
1 
1 

2 
3 
3 
3 

3 
8 
7 

12 
12 

13 
15 

5 
10 
10 

8 
3 
3 
2 
4 

3 
4 
1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

""3 
1 
1 

2 

5 
4 

5 

2 

7 

4 
4 
6 
2 
3 

4 
3 
3 
3 

1 
3 

1 
1 
2 

3 
3 
3 
4 
4 

3 

3 

...... 

3 

4 

4 

1 

llfi 

1 

117         

1 
2 
4 

o 

...... 

"■■3" 

2 
2 
4 

1 
1 

1 
1 

118          

1 
1 

119 

3 

120 

1 

1 

lai 

1 
1 
4 
4 

3 
1 
5 
3 

J02 

1 

1 

133 

1 

1 

134 

135 

1 

128 

...... 

1 
3 

127 

2 

128 

129 

130  

...... 

1 

131 

133 

1 
1 

' 

1 

133 

134      

1 

135 

1 
2 
1 

1 

1 

136 

1 

137 

138 

139 

140 

148 

Cases.. 

232 

5.8 
125.9 

126.0 

147 

5.8 
125.6 

125.7 

119 

6.1 
125.6 

125.6 

98 

5.1 
124.9 

126.3 

82 

5.7 
124.7 

124.8 

58 

5.7 
124.6 

124.6 

48 

5.1 
133.3 

133.6 

27 

6.5 
124.5 

134.3 

35 

5.3 
134.8 

135.1 

9 

4.9 
124.2 

9 

6.8 
135.3 

6 
6.2 

2 

Average      age 
(months  over  9 
years) 

9.5 

Average  stature. . . 

Corrected  average 
for    9    years    0 
months 

f  II 


V 


h. 

13th. 

>•• 

1 

"i" 

1 

1 

2 

1 

5 
6.2 

3 

0.5 

THE    GROWTH   OF   TORONTO   CHILDREN. 

Statures  of  Toronto  girls.    Age,  10  years. 


1589 


1 
stature  in  ceTiti 

Order  of  birth. 

meters. 

1st. 

2(1. 

3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

6th. 

7th. 

8th. 

9th. 

10th.  1  nth. 

12th. 

13th. 

109 

1 

no 

1 

! 

114 

1 

11.1 

llfi 

3 
1 

1 

3 

3 
1 
8 
1 
2 

7 
5 
5 
8 
8 

13 
7 
9 
5 
4 

9 
8 
3 
7 
2 

5 
3 
1 

1 

117 

1 
1 

1 
3 
3 
3 
7 

7 
7 
4 
8 
0 

14 
11 

8 
11 

5 

9 

4 

10 

7 
4 

3 
1 
...... 

1 

1 

1 

:.: 1 

118 

i 

3 
2 
5 
6 
6 

17 
5 
9 

10 
5 

15 
18 
10 
12 
10 

12 
5 
6 
i 
i 

4 
2 
2 

i 

1 

2 
1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

119 

190 

2 
...... 

5 

1 

4 

""2 
3 
4 

5 
2 

1 
4 
1 

M 

...... 

5 

1 

3 

1 
1 
1 
2 

1 

4 
2 
3 
1 

2 

1 

T>1 

1 
6 
...... 

4 

7 
3 
7 
6 

5 

8 
8 
9 

8 

7 
1 
5 
2 
1 

3 

3 
...... 

3 

2 
3 
3 

3 

1 

4 
3 
9 
6 
4 

6 

4 

2 

...... 

1 

1 

1 

1*2 

1 
1 

1')Q 

I'll 

1 

2 

135 

6 
2 
2 

"I' 

...... 

5 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

i'y> 

127      

3 
...... 

1 
3 

2 

1 
1 



...... 

1 

1 

i'>ft 

lao 

130    

1 
1 
1 
2 



131 



132 

1 

% 

133 

3 

1 

1^ 

5 

1 
2 
...... 

1 

1 

1 
1 
2 

^'V\ 

1^ 

1 
1 

1 

VA7 

iQfl 

2 

1^ 

1 

1 

1 

140 

1 

141 

119 

i 

...... 

1 

3 

1 
1 

1 

liA 

1 

111 

1 
1 

1 

^** 

14fi 

1 

14ft 

3 

1 

11? 

1 

1 
.1.... 

148 

1 

IIQ 

^K{\ 

1 

IM 

152 

1 

Cases 

185 

6.1 
131.0 

131.0 

141 

6.0 
130.8 

130.8 

130 

5.9 
130.6 

130.6 

97 

5.3 
130.8 

131.3 

60 

5.9 
131.8 

131.8 

58 

6.0 
131.8 

131.8 

36 

5.3 
130.2 

130.5 

25 

5.0 
129.8 

130.3 

15 

7.2 
133.0 

132.5 

15 

7.0 
129,4 

128.9 

10 

5.5 
128.6 

7 

5.4 
130.1 

1 

Average     age 
(montha  over  10 
years) 

Average  stature... 

Corrected  average 

for    10    years  6 

2.0 
125.0 

T 


1590 


III 


EDUCATION    REPORT,  18CJ-97. 
Statures  of  Toronto  girls.    Aye,  11  years. 


Staturo  in  contlmotors. 

Order  of  birth. 

10th. 

1st. 

2(1. 

•M. 

4th. 

5th. 

6th. 

7th. 

8th. 

9th. 

nth. 

115 

1 

1 
1 

IK!                          

117                                          

118 

IIU 

1 

120                            

O 

»v 

1 
1 
1 

O 

1 
3 
3 
3 
U 

8 

4 

15 
10 
17 

10 
15 
19 
7 
ItJ 

15 
5 

I 

4 

3 
4 
3 

1 
1 

l^il 

1 

...... 

3 
3 

1 

7 
4 

8 
6 
4 

7 

11 

8 
8 
4 

8 

3 
5 

'T 

3 

5 
1 
3 

1 



!•» 

1 

IS}     

a 

1 

3 
4 
4 
3 
0 

9 
5 

8 
7 
ti 

5 

8 

14 

14 

13 

9 
9 
4 

O 

4 

4 

4 

""i" 

•> 

.• 

ii 
>. . 

*> 

1 

3 
4 
U 
10 
3 

0 

U 

4 

10 

10 

9 

8 
7 
(! 
5 

0 
2 
9 
.> 
*> 

3 

4 

1 

l^>t 

1 

2 
5 

T 

5 

4 
5 

4 

3 

5 
U 
5 

:» 

3 

(> 
t'l 

3 
li 

1 

4 

1 
1 
1 
2 

1 
1 

125         

'"   i' 
"";V 

4 

4 

T 

3 
5 

3 
4 
4 
(i 
4 

1 
5 
3 
1 
3 

3 
1 
...... 

1 
...... 

1 

** 

M 

5 
2 
1 
3 

•> 

3 
3 
3 

3 

3 
3 

1 
1 
1 

1 

...... 

...... 

1 

O 

M 

1 

3 

1 
....„ 

T 
1 

1 

120 

127 

3 

128                           .              

12U 

1 
1 
2 

3 

...... 

1 

1 
3 

1 

1 

1 
1 

130 

1 

1 

132 

i;« 

1 
1 

3 

131 

ia5 

2 

137          

1 
2 

139          

1 

140 

141 

143 

143 

144 

1 

145 

1 

1 
1 

146 

147 

1 

1 



149 

3 
5 

1 

3 

1 

1 

150 

1 
1 

1 

152 

1 
1 
1 

153 

154 

155 

150 

157 

158 

159 

1 

Cases 

years) 

203 

5.4 

136.4 
130.7 

158 
5.2 

136.0 

136.4 

135 
5.4 

134.8 

135. 1 

114 

5.5 

135.3 
135.5 

91 
5.1 

136.1 

136.5 

03 

5.7 

136.2 
130.3 

40 
5.7 

136.2 

130.3 

23 

0.0 

136.9 
136.9 

24 

4.5 

135.9 

i;«5.« 

1.-) 
0.1 

136.0 

m.o 

0 

133.0 

Corrected  average  for  11  years 
0  mouths 

'It  !. 


i 

1 
1 

i 

1 

3 

•> 

1 

a 

11th. 

.  .  .  .  .a 

i 

1 

... 

1.-) 
(j.i 

tt.fl 

6.0 

6 

i;s.o 

THE    GROWTH   OF   TORONTO   CHILDREN. 


Statures  of  Toronto  girls.    Age,  n  years. 


1591 


stature  in  centi- 

Order  of  Mrth. 

meters. 

1st. 

2d. 

3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

0th. 

7th. 

8th. 

9th. 

10th. 

nth. 

13th. 

13th. 

I4th.l5th. 

130  

131  

1 

133        

1 

*> 

1 

1 

V£\ 

124 

1 

o 

i 

1 

1 

3 
3 
2 

1 

"tV 

4 
4 

4 

8 
9 
3 

8 

8 
10 
11 

8 
8 

11 
4 

0 
8 
4 

0 
1 
3 
4 
3 

3 
3 

1 

135     

1 

13f) 

.... 

_ 

137 

I 
I 

1 

3 

•I 

>V 

5 
3 
5 

5 

5 
8 
0 
3 

i 

11 
5 
4 
9 

1 

7 

14 

4 

Ti 

:{ 
*> 

ii 

•> 

'  i 
1 

I 
1 

12H 

3 
3 

3 

2 
4 
3 

7 

1 
5 
4 
14 
4 

i 

7 

13 

13 

0 

10 
0 
0 

11 
4 

5 

*> 
O 

M 

'"";V 
1 

t 

3 
3 

i 

4 
8 

10 
3 
0 
0 
9 

i 

4 
1 
4 

t> 

w 

3 

*> 

1 

1 

"i 

1 

"i 

*> 

M 
•> 

3 

7 
5 

»> 

4 

9 

0 
3 
5 
3 

3 
3 

1 
1 

1 
1 

O 

"i 

1 

1 

129 

130 

1 

1 

1 





131  

1 

(> 

M 

2 

1 

i 

4 

133 

..... 

1 
2 

5 
4 
1 

4 
0 
2 
3 
4 

1 

1 
1 

4 
jj 

1 

»> 
*t 

I 

1 
1 

0 

a 

3 

1 

1 

3 

5 

.   ... 

T 

o 

1 

1 

1 

5 

1 

O 

4 

•> 

5 
..... 

I 

1 

..  .. 

1 

133 

134 

1 

la") 

VM 

1 
1 

1 

•» 

M 

137 

1 

13H 

139 

140 

1 

4 

Itl 

1 
I 

»l 
1 

143 

..... 

1 
1 

143 

144 

145 

1 

14G 

1 

"";V 
I 

1 

■  ■ 

1 

147 

1 
1 

1 

14H 

149 

IM 

15] 

153 

1 

153 

3 

3 
1 

1 
1 
1 

1 
2 

154 

1 



3 

O 

1 

I 

1 

155 

15(1 

1 
1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

157 

158 

1 

159 

100 

..... 
1 

1 

101 

102        

103 

104 

1 

Cases 

Average  age  (months 
over  13  years) 

Average  stature 

Corrected    average 
for    12    years    0 
months 

157 

5.3 
143. 1 

143.5 

IGU 

5.6 
141.0 

141.8 

143 

.").5 
143.0 

143.3 

107 
5.7 

m.o 

141  8 

73 

5.3 
140.5 

140  n 

51 
5.9 

44 

r.  0 

37 

0.0 
140.5 

140  5 

33 

5.2 
139.4 

189.8 

11 

0.2 
143.0 

14'^  5 

8 

0.1 
141.6 

4 

1 

1 

I 

141.4:143.0 
141.6142.5 

-  .  .  -  . 

w 


1592 


EDUCATION   REPORT,  1896-97. 
Statures  of  Toronto  girls.    Age,  13  years. 


stature  in  centl- 

Order  of  birth. 

motera. 

1st. 

2d. 

3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

0th. 

7th. 

8th. 

9th. 

10th. 

11th. 

12th.[l3th.'lith. 

125 



12(5 

127     

1 

128 

1 

.... 

lr»9 

1    

1 

130 

I 

131 

1 

132 

1 

1 
1 
3 

1 
2 
1 
6 
2 

5 

0 

6 

7 

14 
5 

5 

7 
8 

8 
7 
6 
5 
6 

1 
2 
2 
4 
4 

...... 

3 

1 
4 

2 

1 

133   

134 

1 

•) 

2 
3 
2 
3 

2 
4 
9 
5 
4 

H 
!) 
3 

8, 
6 

10 
9 
9 
4 
4 

5 
3 
4 
6 
4 

2 

135 

1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
2 
4 

i. 
3 
2 
4 
4 

1 
6 
6 
5 
3 

6 

3 

4 

...... 

1 
2 
6 
1 

1 

136    

137 

1 
2 
1 

l" 
4 
1 

7 
4 
5 
1 
1 

2 

1 
1 
3 
3 

....„ 

1 

1 

..... 

1 

i;w 

2 

4 

2 
2 
4 
4 

7 
8 
4 
6 
5 

5 
6 
6 
3 
4 

5 
2 
2 
2 
2 

2 
1 

2 

2 

4 
2 
3 
3 
4 

(1 

4 

6 

...... 

3 
6 
4 
3 
5 

1 
3 
3 
4 
2 

5 

1 

\m 

140 

1 
1 
1 

1 
3 

1 
2 
2 

1 
1 

3 
2 

. . . .  „ 

1 

141 

1 
1 

1 

142 

143 

2 

144 

1 

1 

2 

145 

1 
1 
....„ 

3 

1 
2 

1 
1 
1 

1 
1 

3 
3 
2 

2 

14« 

147 

2 

1 

148 

1 

1 

149 

1 

150 

1 

..... 

2 
..... 

151 

1 

2 

2 
1 
1 

152    

1 

1 

15:} 

154   

155 

1 

la«       

1 
1 

...... 

I 

157 

158       

159 

1 

1 
1 

1 

160 

...... 

1 
1 

161 

162    

4 

1 

i 
1 

1 

163 

...... 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

164     

2 

1 

165     

1 

166          .... 

167 

168    

109 

170   

171          

1 

Cases 

139 

6.1 
148.5 

148.0 

130 

5.7 
147.2 

147.8 

99 

5.6 
147.8 

148.0 

8W 

0.0 
148.7 

148.7 

78 

6.6 
147.3 

147.5 

45 

6.6 
148.6 

148.8 

29 

5.6 
147.9 

148.1 

22 

0.6 
149.0 

148.8 

19 

6.1 
149.8 

149.8 

16 

4.9 
149.1 

149.6 

7 

4 

1 

1 

Average     age 
(montns  over  13 
years ) 

Average  stature.. 

Corrected  average 
for  13  years   6 
months 

THE    GROWTH   OF   TORONTO   CHILDREN. 


1593 


h.' 

Ith. 

-- 

... 

..... 

1 

... 

1 

1 

Statures  of  Toronto  girls.    Age,  14  years. 


stature  in  centi- 

Order of  birth. 

meters. 

1st. 

3a. 

3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

6th. 

7th. 

8th. 

9th. 

10th. 

11th. 

12th. 

mh. 

118 

1 

i3r 

1 

130 

131 

133    

1 

133 

131 

1 

135      

1 

136 

137 

1 
1 

1 
...... 

1 

1 

1 

1 

13» 

139 

1 

1 

1 

2 

14J 

1 
1 

HI 

1 
2 
2 
4 

1 
1 

143      

3 
2 
1 

3 

1 
...... 

2 
2 

4 
3 
4 

8 
6 
6 
8 
6 

3 
5 
5 

7 
3 

4 
1 
1 
•> 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1.43        

141              

2 

2 

2 

3 
1 
1 

2 

3 

3 
2 
2 

1 

4 
3 

1 
1 
1 

4 
1 

1 

1 

• 

115 

1 

116                   

2 

W      ... 

2 

7 
3 

6 
3 
6 
5 
0 

7 
0 
4 
8 
4 

6 
3 

148 

2 
1 

0 
7 
4 
6 
10 

7 
6 
3 
4 
2 

5 
1 

1 
3 
1 

3 
2 

3 
4 

1 
2 
3 

5 
3 
3 

1 

»> 

2 

1 

1 

2 
2 

7 
2 
3 
4 
3 

1 
3 

1 
3 
3 

3 
3 

1 
1 

3 
3 

1 
1 
3 

3 
4 

3 

1 

149 

1 

150 

151     

2 

3 

153 

1 

1 

153 

1 

154    



3 
...... 

1 

3 

1 
2 

1 

1 

1 

155     

1 

156        

1 

157        

158 

1 

159 

160                  .     ... 

*> 

1 

161 

163 

1 

2 

163 

164 

1 

1 

165 

1 

1 

166 

1 
1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

167    

1 

1 

168        

169     

170       

2 

Cases 

04 

5.1 
153.6 

153.7 

93 

5.4 
153.3 

152.4 

5.0 
162.8 

153.0 

40 

6.7 
154.0 

154.1 

49 

5.0 
151.6 

151.8 

35 

5.1 
151.9 

152.1 

32 

5.3 
153.6 

153.8 

13 

6.0 
156.6 

156.6 

U 

0.1 
153.1 

162.1 

4 

4  !        2 

3 

Average      age 
(montns  over  11 
years^ 

Average  stature . . . 

Corrected  average 

for   U    years    6 

1" 

1 

1594 


EDUCATION  REPORT,  1896-97. 
Statures  of  Toronto  girls.    Age,  15  years. 


stature  in  conti- 

Order  of  Ijirth. 

metors. 

1st. 

3d. 

3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

eth.  '  7th. 

1 

8th. 

9th. 

10th. 

11th. 

13th. 

13th. 

I5th. 

135               

i;!(i             

137 

1 

i;j8 

13'J 

1 
1 

1 

■ 

140             .     ... 

141 

1 

143 

1 

143    

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 

144       

1 



1 

1 

145            

1 

140                 

1 

""'i 
3 
1 

3 

1 
0 
4 

*> 

4 
^ 

1 
4 
3 

3 

1 

...... 

1 

...... 

3 

3 

147              

I 

I 

148   

3 
1 

3 
4 
4 
3 
3 

10 
4 

1 
5 
3 

3 
3 
5 
1 
3 

1 

140          

1 
...... 

1 

4 

4 

l.tjO         

3 

3 

1 
1 

4 
....„ 

4 
1 
1 

2 
1 
1 
3 
I 

151 

1 
1 

1 
3 

1 

153 

153 

....„ 

3 
3 
1 

» 

1 
1 
1 
3 
1 

3 
3 

4 
1 

4 
3 
I 

I 
1 

4 
3 
3 
3 

1 

154 

155 

1 

1 

1 

1 

150 

1 
1 
1 

1 

157   

3 
1 

158 

150.. 

IfiO 

1 
...... 

1 

101 

1 

1 

1 

103 

1 

103 

1 
1 

104 

1 

1 

105 

1 

1 

100 

1 

107 

1 

3 

1 

108 

1 

169 

Cases 

03 

5.1 
155.1 

155.2 

45 

5.2 
155.6 

155.0 

34 

.5.5 
150.4 

150.5 

39 

4.0 
155.8 

15;'..  n 

38 

,5.3 
150.8 

150.0 

10 

.5.0 
153.0 

153.0 

11 

5.4 

9 

5 

3 

1 

*> 

1 

1 

Average  ago 
(months  over  15 
years)  

Average  stature.. 

150.6 
150.0 

. 

Corrected  average 
for   15   years  6 
months 

140. 
141. 
143. 
143. 
144. 

145. 
14»i. 
147. 
148. 
149. 

1.50. 
151. 
153. 
1.53. 
154. 


160. 
1.57. 
158. 
150. 


170... 
171... 
173... 
173... 
174.. 


5.5 

0.5 

7.6 

8.5 

0.6 

10.6 

11.5 

12.5 

13.5 

14.  A 

15.5 

THE   GROWTH    OF   TORONTO   CHILDREN. 


1595 


Statures  of  Toronto  girls.    Age,  16  years. 


stature  in  centimeters. 

Order  of  birtli. 

1st.      3(1. 

W. 

4tli.     5th.     0th. 

7th. 

8th. 

9th.  j 10th. 

1           1 

11th. 

140    

1 

1 

141         ..  . 

143            . . 

143 

1 

144 

1 

145  

1 

1 



1 

14«l 

147    

1 

14H      

1 
3 

149 

1 
2 

1 
1 

o 

150             ....               

1 

151               ....               .        .. 

.> 

3 
1 
3 

5 
1 
3 
...... 

4 

1 

...... 

1 

1 

15a 

i 



153 

*> 

5 

I 

1 

...... 

3 
...... 

3 

1 

154 

O 
O 

3 

3 

i 

*> 

1P5 

1 

1 
1 

• 

160 

1 

3 

157     

158 

1 

4 

4 
•) 

»v 

4 

1 
1 

1 
1 

159  .                   

2 

1 

1 

160 

II 

1 

1 

101 

1 

162 

1 

IftJ 

1 

104  

1 
1 

o 

1 

105 

ItMl    

107 

1 

168      

169 

170 



171 

173 

1 

173 

.. 

174  

Cases 

35 

4.4 
150.0 

157. 1 

38 

4.0 

1.^..  8 

l.5.').0 

15 

4.5 

157.9 

l.")8.() 

18 

4.0 
1.55.0 

155. 1 

0 

3 

10 

3.0 

I.5.S.  0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Average  ago  (montbs  over  10 
years) 

Average  stature 

Corrected  average  for  10  years 
0  mouths 

1,58. 3 

In  summarizing  these  tables  I  have  rorroctecl  the  statures  so  that  they  corre- 
spond exactly  to  the  half-year  period.  In  this  manner  the  error  duo  to  the  differ- 
ence of  period  is  eliminated. 

Statures  of  Toronto  hoys,  in  millimeters,  a 


Age 

in 

years, 


6,6.. 

6,5.. 

7.5.. 

8.6.. 

9.5.. 
10.6. 
11.5. 
18.6. 
13.6. 
14.6.. 
10.6.. 


Average 
statures. 


1,002 
1.111 
1,168 
1,218 
1,207 
1,315 
1,359 
1,401 
1,454 
1,515 
1,676 


(iM7) 
(013) 
(840) 
(l»34) 
(905) 
(839) 
i817) 
(740) 
(5!HI) 
(387) 
(170) 


Difference  between  average  statures  and  statures  of— 


First- 
born. 


■10 
-f-7 
■t-8 

+a 

+4 
-Jl 
-1 

-3 
■17 

1? 


(59) 
(138 

m) 

(216) 
(240) 
(313) 
(177) 
(173) 

(m 

(80) 
(62) 


Second- 
born. 


':  0  (80) 
-  3(147) 


2(102) 

4(188) 

7(180) 

5(145) 

3(150) 

1(141) 

1-11(120) 

I-  1  (70) 

-1  (83) 


Third- 
born. 


-  3  (74) 

-  4(108) 
t  0(119) 

-  2(150) 
4:  0(137) 

-  1(140) 
-  3(135) 
I-  3(130) 

-13  (84) 
+  5  70) 
-33  (24) 


Fourth 
born. 


■t-ft 
+2 
±0 
iO 
iO 
-6 
-8 

-a 
-1 

-f-2 
-8 


(40) 

(85) 

(04) 

(llli 

(112) 

(112) 

(100) 

(89) 

(80) 

(44) 

(38) 


Fifth- 
born. 


-t-  1 

-  5 
-10 
-13 

-  8 
i> 

-  *j 

I    3 

I-  8 
-14 

■I-  2 


(30) 
(07) 
(«4) 
79) 
(87) 
(«a) 
(80) 
(48) 
(45) 
(53) 
(80) 


Sixth- 
born. 


-10 
-  4 
■f  2 
1-  0 
-11 
I  6 
-8 
-4 
-14 
-13 


(30) 

(iW) 
(58) 
(04) 
(71) 
(75) 
(71) 
((14) 
49) 
(38) 


Seventh 
born. 


-14 
-13 
I-  1 
-  8 
-10 
-5 
+  0 
-11 
-31 
-15 


(17) 
(31) 

iSi 
fJSi 

(i») 

(54) 
(35) 
(18) 


Eighth-   Ninth- 
born,      born. 


-13  (14) 
-10  (2;i) 

-  0  (28) 

-  0  (35) 
)■  3  (ikl) 
-15  (34) 

-  5  (38) 
-10  (32) 
(-18  (3;i) 

-  5  (13) 


-  4  (18) 
-13  (17) 
-19  (21) 
-13  (25) 
■I  0  (19 
-15  (16) 


a  (10) 
12) 


9  (i;i 


uTho  figures  in  parentheses  nro  the  number  of  cases. 


1596 


EDUCATION   REPORT,  1896-97. 


Differences  {in  millimeters)  between  average  statures  of  boys  and  statures  of  boys 
of  various  orders  of  birth,  and  their  mean  errors  (as  deduced  from  the  Toronto 
observations). 


Age  in 
years. 

First-    1  Second- 
born,        born. 

Third- 
born. 

Fourth-     Fifth- 
born.    1    born. 

Sixth- 
born. 

Seventh-I  Eighth- 
born,    j    born. 

Ninth- 
born. 

5.5 

6.5 

7?5 

8.5 

9.5 

10.5 

11.5 

12.5 

13.5 

11.5 

-f6±  7.2  +  Oj.  6.1 
-F7±  4.7-  3+  4.4 
+3jr  4.0+  2,.  4.4 
+2i  4.2+  4±  4.5 
+4i  4.1-  7±  4.6 
-;j±  4.7+  5 J:  5.5 
-1±  5.0+  3  ;    5.4 
-3±  5.7,+  1±  0.3 
+7±  6.3+11+  7.8 
+5  ±10. 2+  1  fclO.8 
-1±14.2-  1+20.0 

-3h  6.6 

-  4±  ,5.0 
+  0±  5.0 

-  2±  4.8 
±  0+  5.1 

-  1±  5.6 

-  2+  5.0 
+  3±  0.5 
-13  ±  9.1 
+  5  +  11.1 
-32  +  20.6 

-rO+  7.8-  2+  9.0 
4  2±  5.6,+  li  6.2 
±0+  5.5- 5±  6.6 
±0+  5.6-10+  0.6 
+0+  5.6-13+  0.3 
-6+  6.2-  8±  7.1 
-8±  6.3- 2±  6.9 
-6+  7.9+  3±10.1 
■-1±  9.3+  2  +  12.1 
+2±13.6-14±12.7 
— 8  +  18.4'-^  2  +  21.3 

-10  +  11.8!-]4:fcl2.7 
-4+  8.31-13+  8.9 
+  2+  0.9,+  1+  8.5 
±  0+  7.3-  8+  7.2 
-11  ±  0.9-10+  8.3 
+  0+  7.4-  5+  9.5 
-8±  7.6+  6  +  10.1 
-4±  8.1-11±  9.0 
-14±11.6,-3U15.9 
-12  ±16. 8 -15  ±20. 6 

-13  +  14.0 
-16  ±10. 2 

-  6±  9.8 

-  6+  9.0 
+  3+  9.5 
-15  ±10. 8 

-  5±11.8 
-10  +  12.2 
+18  ±16. 6 

-  5±34.1 

-4  +  ii'6 
-13  ±12. 4 
-19  ±13. 3 
-13+11.3 
+  6±14.3 
-15  +  15.5 
-  2±1.5.8 
+  9+22.6 

15. 5 

Averago  . 

+2.3  +  1.6+0.8  +  1.7 

It  appears,  therefore,  that  the  result  is  not  quite  certain,  since  the  error  is  great 
as  compared  to  the  average  difference.  Since  for  later-born  children  the  errors  of 
the  average  are  very  great,  1  have  not  carried  out  the  calculation.  For  first-bom 
girls  I  obtain  the  following  results: 

Statures  of  Toronto  girls,  in  millimeters. 


Age 

in 
years 


0.5 ., 

7.5.. 

8.5.. 

9.5  .. 
10.5  .. 
11.5.. 
12.5.. 
13.5.. 
14.5. 
15.5.. 
16.5., 


Averago 
statures. 


1,104 
1,100 
1,207 
1,2(53 
1,300 

i,;m 

1,410 

1,480 
1,533 
1.5t«) 
1,507 


(597) 
(759) 
(834) 
(875) 
(822) 
(870) 
(834) 
(665) 
(44.3) 
(347) 

(13;}) 


Differences  between  average  staturo  and  stature  of- 


First-    j  Second 
born.       born. 


-I-  3  (125) 
+  3  (109) 
+14  (177) 
+  7  (223) 
+  1  (185) 
+  6  (203) 
+  6  (157) 
+  9  (139) 
+  4  (94) 
-  8  (02) 
+  4   (:35) 


+7  (120) 
-3  (1.50) 
-5  (141) 
+4  (147) 
-1  (141) 
+3  (158) 
-1  (160) 
-7  (130) 
—9  (93) 
-4  (45) 
-8    (28) 


Third-  [  Fourth-    Fifth- 
born,       boru.       born. 


-  5  (87) 

-  1(117) 
+  2(136) 
+  3(119) 

-  3(130) 
-10(135) 
+  4(143) 
±  0  (99) 
-3  (82) 
+  5  (34) 
+  13  (15) 


-  3  07) 
,+  3  (05) 
!-  2(101) 

±  0  (08) 

'+  6(114) 
|-  1(107) 
'+  7  (88) 
+  8    40) 

-  1  39) 
-10  (18) 


Sixth-   Seventh  Eighth- 
born,       born.      born. 


+  1 
+  7 

-  1 
-10 

-  7 
+  8 
-14 
+  3 
+32 


(17) 
(31) 
(22) 
(27) 
(25) 
(33) 
(37) 
(32) 
(12) 


Ninth- 
born. 


-30  (12) 
+13  (10) 

-  0  (23) 

-  3  (25) 
1-16  (1.5) 
1-  5  (31) 

-31  (33) 
1-18  (19) 
-13  (14) 


I  have  calculated  the  mean  errors  of  the  differences  for  first-born  children  only. 

Differences  {in  millimeters)  between  the  average  statures  of  girls  and  the  statiires  of 

first-born  girls,  and  their  meayi  errors. 


Age. 


0.5 

7.5 

8.5 

0.6 

10.6 

11.5 

13.6 


Differ- 

Mean 

ence. 

error. 

+  3 

±4.7 

+  3 

±4.6 

+14 

±4.6 

+  7 

±4.6 

+  1 

±6.1 

+  0 

±5.1 

■f  6 

±0.1 

Ago. 


13.5 

14.6 

15.6 

16.5 

AveraRO 


Differ- 
ence. 

+    9 
+    4 
—    8 
+    4 

+5.3 

t 

Mean 
error. 


±6.7 
±  7.8 
±  8.3 
±10.3 

TTo 


This  result  is  much  more  certain  than  tha*-  obtained  bv  means  of  the  measure- 
ments of  boys.  When  we  combine  both  we  tiud  that  the  difference  of  stature 
between  the  average  of  all  the  children  and  the  average  of  the  first-born  children 
la  in  favor  of  the  latter.  The  amount  is  8.6  mm.,  with  a  mean  error  of  -tl-S  mm. 
It  is  therefore  certain  that  first-born  children  are  somewhat  taller  than  later-born 
children,  but  the  amount  of  the  difference  is  not  definitely  known. 

It  is  of  interest  to  investigate  the  constitution  of  families.  I  have  done  so  by 
recording  for  each  age  the  number  of  children,  according  to  the  order  of  their 
birth. 


THE    GROWTH   OP   TORONTO   CHILDREN. 


1597 


Classification  of  Toronto  boys  according  to  age  and  order  of  birth. 


Again 

Order  of  birth. 

years. 

1st. 

2d. 

3d. 

4th. 

5th. 

6th. 

7th. 

8th. 

9th. 

10th. 

nth. 

12th. 

13th. 

14th. 

15th. 

17th. 

4.5 

17 

59 

128 

301 

316 

340 

213 

177 

173 

158 

86 

53 

8 

23 

86 

147 

163 

188 

180 

145 

1.56 

141 

120 

76 

23 

10 

26 
74 
108 
119 
159 
137 
140 
125 
129 
84 

ro 

34 

8 

15 

49 

85 

94 

111 

113 

113 

109 

89 

80 

44 

38 

3 

7 

36 
67 
64 
79 
87 
83 
86 
48 
45 
53 
20 

2 

7 
20 
36 
58 
64 
71 
75 
71 
64 
49 
38 
6 
3 

1? 
31 
37 
64 
48 
44 
39 
54 
35 
18 
9 
4 

3 
14 
33 
28 
35 
36 
34 
28 
33 
23 
13 
7 
3 

1 

8 

18 

17 

21 

25 

19 

16 

19 

12 

9 

3 

168 

2.2 

1 
1 
1 
3 
1 

5.5 

3 

9 

9 

19 

15 

10 

11 

19 

9 

2 

2 

1 

1 

7 
4 
5 
6 
7 
6 
6 
4 
3 
3 
1 

2 
2 
3 
6 
3 
3 
4 
5 
3 

1 
3 
3 
1 
3 
3 
3 

t> 

6.5 

7.5 

8.5 

9.6  . 

10.5 

11.5 

..... 

1 
1 

..... 

13.5 

13.5 

14.5 

15.5    

1 

16.5 

1 

Casas 

Per  cent  of 
the  whole 
number  .. 

1,728 

22.7 

1,456 
19.1 

l,2ft3 
15.8 

931 

12.2 

675 
8.9 

551 

7.3 

395 
5.3 

279 
8.7 

109 
1.4 

51 

0.7 

31 
0.4 

18 
0.3 

10 
0.1 

2 

1 

Total  number  of  cases,  7,008. 

Classification  of  Toronto  girls  according  to  age  and  order  of  birth. 


Order  of  birth. 

Age  hi 
years. 

S 

t 

i 

9 

54 

67 

95 

101 

98 

97 

)14 

107 

88 

40 

30 

18 

i 

i 

63 

59 
77 
82 
60 
01 
73 
78 
49 
28 
6 

i 

5 

22 
31 
88 
40 
58 
68 
62 
61 
46 
36 
10 

3 

i 

i 

A 

^ 

i 

i 

1 

2 

i 

i 

5 

I- 

4.5 

22 

74 

125 

169 

177 

222 

185 

20? 

157 

139 

94 

62 

35 

19 

86 

120 

156 

141 

147 

141 

158 

160 

130 

93 

45 

28 

19 

77 

87 

117 

125 

119 

130 

135 

143 

09 

82 

34 

15 

7 

12 
81 
30 
47 
48 
86 
49 
44 
20 
32 
11 
10 

6 
10 
17 
21 
22 
27 
26 
23 
37 
22 
12 
0 
1 

2 

10 
13 
10 
22 
25 
16 
24 
33 
19 
14 
6 
1 

! 

5.5 

6 

10 

11 

17 

9 

16 

15 

11 

10 

4 

3 

1 

2 
3 
9 
6 
9 
10 
6 
8 
7 
4 
1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

6.5 

1 

7.5 

1 
1 
2 

1 

.... 

1 

8.5 

0.5 

10  5 

11.5 

12.5 

4 
4 
2 
2 

1 
1 
2 

1 

1 

13.5 

14,5    

15.5         

.... 

1 

16  5 

Cases 

Per  cent  of 
the  whole 

1,664 
22.5 

1,424 
10.2 

1,182 
16.0 

927 
12.5 

693 
9.4 

470 
6.3 

305 
6.3 

233 
3.1 

192 
2.6 

117 
1.6 

66 
0.9 

29 
0.4 

11 
0.1 

0.1 

3 

1 

1 

Total  number  of  cases,  7,411. 

Total  number  of  children  examined,  arranged  according  to  order  of  birth. 


Cases 

Per  cent  of 
the  whole 
numbrr  .. 

Mean  ejr'i-. 


Order  of  birth. 


■8 
3,302 


22.6 
10.3 


s 


2,880 


S 


10.2 
±0.3 


3,3861,868 


15.01  12.4 
±0.3|±0.3 


1,368 


9.1 
±0.2 


Xi 


1,031 


6.8 
±0.2 


n 


700 


5.8 
±0,2 


i 


611 


3.4 
±0.1 


i 


360 


2.4 
±0.1 


226 


1.6 
±0.1 


116 


0.8 
±0.1 


60 
0.4 


29 
0.2 


14 
0.1 


Number  of  boys  examined 7,608 

Number  of  girls  examined - 7,411 

Total 16,010 

From  these  data  we  can  obtain  an  insight  Into  the  constitution  of  families  in 
Toronto.  The  difference  between  the  number  of  first  and  second  born  children 
shows  the  number  of  mothers  having  one  child  only;  the  difference  between  the 
second  and  third  born  children  gives  the  number  of  mothers  who  have  two  ohil- 


1598 


0 


III 


';  si 

si 


U'l 


I''     i 


EDUCATION  REPORT,  1896-97. 


dren,  etc.    In  this  manner  the  following  table  has  been  obtained,  showing  the 
per  cent  of  mothers  having  one  child,  two  children,  etc. 


Num1x;r  c*  .aiidroii. 

Per  cent 

of 
mothers. 

Mean 
error. 

Number  of  children. 

Per  cent 

of 
mothers. 

Mean 
error. 

1 

l.j.  1 

14.0 

15.5 

14.5 

10.3 

0.8 

8.2 

4.5 

3.9 

iO.C 
±  .6 
±  .0 
+  .0 
+  .5 
±  .5 
t  .5 
+  .4 
1    .3 

10 

3.3 
1.7 
.9 
.4 
.3 
.1 
.1 
.0 

±0.S 

3 

11 

-t-  .3 

3 

12 

1-  .3 

4 

13 

±  .1 

5 

14 

6..    .                    

15 

7.                            

10 

8              ..             

17.  

9 

It  is  of  interest  to  compare  the  number  of  children  according  to  the  order  of 
their  birth  in  various  cities.  I  have  tabulated  for  this  purpose  a  number  of  chil- 
dren in  Oakland,  Cal.,  according  to  the  order  of  their  birth,  and  found  the  fol- 
lowing result: 


Per  cent  of  first-born  children 

Per  cent  of  second-born  children 

Percent  of  third-born  children 

Per  cent  of  fourth-born  children 

Per  cent  of  fifth  and  later  born  children 


Toronto.     ^""^^^^^^ 


33.6 

36.4 

19.3 

33.3 

15.9 

17.0 

13.4 

13.3 

30.0 

83.0 

'  It  appears  from  this  table  that  families  in  Toronto  are  much  larger  than  those 
In  Oakland,  Cal.  There  are  20.4  per  cent  of  first-born  children  in  Oakland  as  com- 
pared to  22.0  per  cent  of  first-born  children  in  Toronto,  while  fifth  and  later  born 
children  form  only  22  per  cent  of  the  total  population  in  Oakland,  and  in  Toronto 
they  form  30  per  cent.  This  indicates  that  the  size  of  the  families  is  considerably 
smaller  in  Oakland  than  in  Toronto.  It  is  difficult  to  judge  what  the  social  causes 
of  this  phenomenon  may  be.  The  general  conditions  of  life  and  the  nationalities 
composing  the  population  certainly  have  a  great  influence  upon  the  size  of  families. 
In  order  to  investigate  this  question,  I  have  tabulated  the  Toronto  girls  according 
to  their  order  of  birth  and  nationality.  The  results  of  this  tabulation  are  given 
in  the  following  table: 

I  Nationality  (in  per  cent)  of  grandparents  of  Toronto  girls. 


Order  of  birth. 


First-born 

Second-born 

Third-born 

Four  th- born 

Fifth-born 

Sixth-born 

Seventh-born 

JEighth-born 

Nintli-born 

Tenth-born 

Eleventh-born 

Twelfth  and  later  born 


Euglbh. 


3,638 

2,411 

1,993 

1,664 

1,334 

870 

814 

453 

384 

'.ua 

137 
137 


(39.0^) 
(41. W) 
(40.8;«) 
(43.0^) 
(46.3^) 
(44. 0;^) 

t48.3^) 
(4».0iS) 
(48.4;<) 
(45.4^) 
(43.2^) 


Scotch. 


1,113 

888 

815 

079 

474 

34ii 

3.56 

149 

133 

60 

48 

51 


(ir,.i%) 

(16.7^) 
(17.5^) 
(16.0^) 
(17.5^) 
(15.7^) 
(15.9^) 
(17.0^) 
(13.9^) 
(17.l5f) 
(17.4;<) 


Irish. 


1,614 
1,307 
1,145 
892 
694 
476 
:t34 
351 
1.54 
139 

57 


(33. 9^) 
(Si.S%) 

(33. 1^) 
(34.3^) 
(24.3^) 
(20.  m 
(»».  8^) 
(19.  7K) 
(36.0^) 
(25.7.«) 
(10.4JE) 


Canadian. 


fm  (12. 4;^) 
670  (11. 43!) 
510  (10.5^) 
8.0,0 
«.3,<) 
5.3;<) 
5.8:«) 
io  (  3.7:«) 
43  (  5. 4^) 
18  (  3.6;<) 
6  (  3.1^) 
'M  (  9.  OK) 


311 

180 

lot 

93 


Order  of  birth. 


First-born 

Socond-born 

Third-born 

Fourth-born 

Fifth-born 

Sixth-born 

Seventh-born 

Elffbth-born 

Ninth-born 

Tenth-born 

Elovonth-bor  n 

Twelfth  and  later  born 


American. 


234 

104 

144 

128 

63 

57 

54 

24 

27 

15 

9 

6 


(3.3!<) 
9.0%) 
3.2«) 

3.  m 

2.6)() 
3.4i< 

9.m 
)12%) 
(i.rx) 


Qerman. 


46  (2. 8i) 
5  (0.6K) 
3.2K 
1.6K 

1.4^) 
(8.7;<) 


17 
8 
4 

8 


French. 


30  (0.4^) 
33  {O.m 
18  (0.0i() 
0.6^) 
0.4:<) 
0.3^) 
:o.4;«) 


18 

13 

5 

0 


2  {o.m 

3  (0. 4X) 

3  (0.7X) 

4  (1.4jt) 


Miscellane- 
ous. 


1.57  (3.3;«) 

143  (3.4*) 

IKJ  (2.5:< 

100  (3. 6*) 

6i}  (3.3i<) 

55  (3.  m 

31  (3.  OX 

21  (3.2X 

24  (3.  IXJ 

15  (3.  OX) 

13  (4. 3X) 

13  (4. 4X) 


Total. 


6,753 
5,878 
4,883 
3,868 
2,860 
1,004 

i,(m 

WIS 
788 
406 
280 
204 


THE    GROWTH    OF    TORONTO    CHILDREN. 


1599 


When  we  group  these  results  so  as  to  equalize  the  niimber  of  cases  approxi- 
mately, treating  the  three  first-bom  children  separately,  forming  the  fourth  group 
by  combining  the  fourth  and  fifth  bom  children,  and  including  all  the  later- born 
children  in  one  group,  we  find  the  following  results: 

Nationality  {in per  cent)  of  yrandpa rents  of  Toronto  girls. 


Order  of  birth. 

^l  \  ^-tch. 

I-h.  1  & 

Ameri- 
can. 

3.5 
3.3 

3.0 
3.7 
3.0 

Ger- 
man. 

French. 

^Miscoliii- 
nooiis. 

Cases. 

Firstborn. 

30.0 
41.0 
40.8 
44.4 
47.3 

1(5.5 
15.1 
lti.7 
17.1 
10.4 

23.0 
33.8 
33.5 
33.0 
33.0 

13.4 

11.4 

10.5 

7.3 

5.1 

2.0 

3.4 
3.8 
3.0 
2.1 

0.4 
I).  (') 
0.9 
0.4 
(1.3 

3.3 
3.4 

3.5 
3.  4 
3.7 

6,753 

Second  born    

5, 878 

Third  born 

4.  )!>S3 

Fourth  and  Ufth  born. 
Sixth  and  later  born . . 

(5,738 
G,  3f  8 

Total 

4^.5  i        iri.4 

3;}.0          it.  3  i        3.1 

2.3 

0.5 

2.5 

30,030 

That  is  to  say,  the  percentage  of  Scotch,  Irish,  American,  German,  French,  and 
miscellaneous  grandparents  remains  the  same  for  all  the  children,  no  matter  what 
the  order  of  their  birth  may  be.  There  is,  however,  a  fundamental  difference  in 
the  distribution  of  English  and  Canadian  children.  Among  the  first-born  chil- 
dren, 39  per  cent  of  the  grandparents  are  of  English  birth.  Among  the  later-born 
children,  47  per  cent  are  of  English  birth.  Tin's  indicates  that  in  families  whose 
grandparents  are  of  English  birth  we  find  a  greater  number  of  children  than 
among  the  other  nationalities.  The  reverse  is  the  case  among  the  Canadians. 
There  is  among  the  later-born  children  a  decided  decrease  in  the  number  of 
grandparents  of  Canadian  birth.  This  indicates  that  the  families  of  Canadian 
descent  are  small.  It  is  very  peculiar  that  these  differences  are  found  only  among 
the  English  and  Canadians,  and  that  there  are  no  differences  in  distribution  among 
all  the  other  nationalities. 

This  table  is  of  importance  also  as  showing  that  the  difference  in  stature  between 
first-born  children  and  later-born  children  can  not  bo  ascribed  to  the  influence  of 
differences  in  nationality.  The  change  of  proportion  of  English  and  Canadian 
blood  in  the  grand  total  is  so  slight  that  wo  can  not  possibly  assume  that  it  will 
materially  modify  the  average  stature  of  the  people.  We  may  therefore  safely 
say  that  the  difference  in  stature  between  first-born  and  later-born  children  is  not 
influenced  by  complications  resulting  from  the  influence  of  nationality. 


